Lecture 4 - Intellectual Development in the First Twelve Months Flashcards
What type of stimuli do infants use to learn?
Environmental stimuli (light, sound, heat, texture)
These stimuli affect the sensory organs, causing reactions.
What is the role of the vision center in infants?
Processes sights into information
Matures rapidly from birth to four to six months.
List the areas of vision that mature in infants during the first six months.
- Acuity
- Contrast sensitivity
- Color sensitivity
- Eye movements and coordination
- 3-D vision
What begins around two months of age in the motor center?
The multiyear process of learning voluntary gross-motor movements
Wiring for fine-motor movements begins around two or three months.
What are the two main categories of memory?
- Explicit memory
- Implicit memory
How do infants remember better?
- Directly engaged in an experience
- Experiences are meaningful
- Experiences happen repeatedly
- Cues/reminders are used
What is perceptual learning?
The process of making sense out of sensory stimuli
It is important in infancy as sense organs mature.
What is the outcome of perceptual learning?
Perception
Involves organizing sensory information.
What is the first stage of cognitive development according to Piaget?
Sensorimotor stage (birth – 2 years)
Involves exploration through senses and motor actions.
What does Vygotsky’s Sociocultural Theory emphasize?
Learning through interactions with others within their culture
Highlights the role of more knowledgeable adults.
Define the term ‘zone of proximal development (ZPD)’.
The level at which a child can learn with help
What is object constancy?
Knowing that objects remain the same even if they appear different
Begins during the first year.
What are the two parts of object concept?
- Object identity
- Object permanence
What is depth perception?
The ability to tell how far away something is
Develops after infants acquire binocular vision.
What is the significance of categorization in infants?
Grouping similar objects or events reduces the amount of new information to learn
Infants can recognize shapes, colors, and sizes by three months.
How does language learning begin in infants?
With brain wiring for sounds of language
Starts at birth or before.
What is Parentese?
Infant-directed, singsong, and high-pitched speech
What are the stages of communication in infants?
- Crying and Cooing
- Babbling
- First words
What is the difference between passive and active vocabulary?
- Passive vocabulary: words understood but not spoken
- Active vocabulary: words used in speaking or writing
How many words do infants typically know by ten months?
Approximately 67 words
What is the significance of imitation in language learning?
Spoken language is mainly learned through imitation
Babies learn sounds, vocabulary, and turn-taking aspects.
