Ch. 12 & 13 - Toddlers Flashcards
What are toddlers biologically primed for?
Learning
Brains become super dense in synapses and have a high concentration of neurotransmitters.
What cognitive development occurs during toddlerhood?
Sensory and motor areas continue to develop
This includes the ability to impose mental ideas on objects, leading to abstract thinking and creativity.
What is the first level of pretense in toddler play?
Solitary symbolic play
This involves toddlers pretending using real objects or realistic toys.
What characterizes Piaget’s Substage 5: Tertiary Circular Reactions?
Working toward a goal, using imitation and pretense, greater understanding of object permanence
Toddlers are often referred to as ‘little scientists’ during this stage.
What is deferred imitation?
Imitating actions after a delay
This skill develops during Piaget’s Substage 6.
What are the three important origins of abstract thinking according to Vygotsky?
- Pretend play props
- Language
- Imitation
These elements help lay the foundation for more abstract concepts.
What is centration in preschoolers?
Focusing on one attribute of an object
This can affect their understanding of the whole object.
What is animism?
Assigning living qualities to inanimate objects
This is a common belief among preschoolers.
At what age do preschoolers typically start sorting and classifying objects?
Around 4 years old
This is part of developing cognitive flexibility and working memory.
What is seriation?
Ordering by attributes
This skill helps preschoolers understand relationships between objects.
What do conservation tasks assess?
Understanding that quantity remains the same despite changes in shape or arrangement
These tasks are typically introduced around 4-5 years old.
What is egocentric speech?
Talking as though the listener understands in the same way
This is common in toddlers as they communicate.
What is the ‘sensitive period’ for language learning?
Before age 10
During this time, grammar development is critical.
What grammatical challenges do 3-year-olds face?
Understanding grammar rules, word order, and negative words
They may also overextend grammar rules.
What is an example of a tag question that might be used by 4-5 year olds?
A question that seeks confirmation, such as ‘It’s fun, isn’t it?’
This reflects their growing complexity in sentence structure.
What is collective monologue?
When multiple children speak at the same time without engaging in dialogue
This reflects their egocentric way of communicating.
What is the last concept to develop in childhood?
Time concepts
Children link time with events that occur at specific times.
What do younger toddlers (12 to 18 months) work toward in their learning?
Younger toddlers work toward a goal, imitate others, and develop their understanding of object permanence
Object permanence is the understanding that objects continue to exist even when they cannot be seen.
What major areas of concept learning do toddlers focus on?
- Distinguishing attributes of objects
- Noting cause and effect
- Using spatial relationships
- Solving problems
- Understanding quantity
- Using symbols
What are the first properties toddlers notice about objects?
Major color and size differences in objects
How do older toddlers develop their understanding of cause and effect?
Older toddlers test their actions by repeating and varying them
How do toddlers learn about spatial relationships?
Through play with toys/objects to see how they fit together
What method do toddlers often use to solve problems?
Trial and error
What is a common misconception toddlers have about quantity?
Toddlers often pick up quantity words but use them incorrectly
What role does pretend play have in toddler learning?
Through pretend play, toddlers begin to use symbols and understand complex systems like letters, words, and numbers
What does articulation refer to in the context of communication?
A person’s ability to pronounce words that can be understood by others
What are common articulation mistakes made by toddlers?
- Substituting one sound for another
- Omitting a sound they can’t make
- Trouble with position within a word
What are the three main reasons toddlers communicate?
- To achieve a goal
- To identify an object
- To create a bond with another person
At what age does vocabulary growth rapidly increase?
Around 30 months
What factors influence vocabulary development in toddlers?
- Environmental influences
- Bilingualism
- Word usage
- Frequency of word usage
- Cultural differences
How do toddlers learn grammar?
From adults and books
At what age do toddlers typically start combining words into sentences?
Around 19 months
What factors can affect the rate at which toddlers learn to talk?
- Hearing
- Interest
- Intellectual abilities
- Gender
- Need of speech
- Stimulating environment
- Bilingualism
- Autism
Fill in the blank: Language is a _______.
thinking process
What is self-awareness?
Self-awareness is the understanding of oneself as a unique person, recognizing oneself, and developing feelings of self-esteem.
It begins to develop at birth and continues throughout life.
How do toddlers demonstrate their understanding of being a unique person?
Toddlers demonstrate this through:
* Body awareness
* Sense awareness
* Gender identity
* Object possession
* Family names
* Assimilating their culture
These aspects reflect their growing individuality.
At what age can toddlers recognize themselves in mirrors?
15-18 months
This is a key milestone in developing self-recognition.
What is the significance of feeling loved for toddlers?
Feeling loved helps develop feelings of worth, competence, and control.
This is essential for building self-esteem.
What is autonomy according to Erickson’s 2nd Stage?
Autonomy is a form of self-governance where a toddler seeks to do their own will.
This stage emphasizes the importance of independence.
What can damage a toddler’s sense of autonomy?
When caregivers do not allow toddlers to do things by themselves, intervene too quickly, or criticize attempts at autonomy.
Encouraging independence while ensuring safety is crucial.
What role do caregivers play in a toddler’s self-awareness?
Caregivers can:
* Pay attention to toddlers when they want to talk
* Provide a place for possessions
* Encourage self-feeding and hygiene
* Let toddlers help around the house
* Plan activities to increase self-awareness
These actions support the child’s development.
What is secure attachment?
Secure attachment is when a toddler seeks and maintains proximity to a special caregiver for protection and comfort.
It leads to positive relationships and well-adjusted adults.
What characterizes insecure attachment?
Insecure attachment is characterized by a lack of consistent care, leading to confusion and feelings of unworthiness.
It can result in vulnerability to trauma and hinder learning.
Describe anxious-ambivalent attachment.
Toddlers show distress near unfamiliar people, cling to primary caregivers, and react ambivalently upon reunions.
This attachment style is linked to inconsistent caregiver responses.
What is anxious-avoidant attachment?
Toddlers show no preference for their primary caregiver over strangers and do not exhibit distress during separations.
They often ignore caregivers upon reunion.
What is disorganized attachment?
Disorganized attachment involves inconsistent attachment behaviors and poor eye contact with caregivers.
It is often linked to neglect or abuse.
How do toddlers express emotions as they develop?
Toddlers express emotions more physically, and their emotions become more specific and intense.
They can also better sense emotions in others.
What strategies can help toddlers practice social and emotional skills?
Strategies include:
* Using pretend play to talk about feelings
* Making a homemade book about feelings
* Using songs for feeling words
* Creating a cozy space at home
* Suggesting ways to manage strong emotions
* Developing a feelings vocabulary
These activities promote emotional intelligence.
How do toddlers show love and affection?
Toddlers show love by:
* Wanting to be near caregivers
* Cuddling
* Sharing joy in new experiences
* Showing delight upon caregivers’ return
This affection can extend to other adults, children, and pets.
What changes occur in toddlers’ fears after age two?
Fears increase quickly as toddlers learn about more things to fear and cannot distinguish real from unreal.
They may act out these fears during play.
What is co-regulation of emotions in toddlers?
Co-regulation involves soothing in infancy, and as toddlers develop language, adult explanation becomes the best method for co-regulation.
Distraction can also help with delayed gratification.
Fill in the blank: Temper tantrums are sudden emotional outbursts of _______.
anger
