Lecture 4 - Inflammation part 2

Question 1

Bactericidal permeability increasing protein (BPI), lysozyme, lactoferrin, and Defensins (punch holes in membranes) are the contents of_____________.

Answer 1

leukocytes granules

Question 2

LFA-1 and Mac-1 subunit defects lead to impaired adhesion (LAD-1), Absence of sialyl-Lewis X, and defect in E- and P-selectin sugar epitopes (LAD-2) are the defect of what?

Answer 2

Leukocyte function of adhesion.

Question 3

Microtubule assembly defect leads to impaired locomotion and lysosomal degranulation (Chediak-Higashi Syndrome) are the defect of what?

Answer 3

Leukocyte function of chemotaxis/ phagocytosis.

Question 4

Deficiency of NADPH oxidase that generates superoxide… no oxygen-dependent killing mechanism (chronic granulomatous disease) are the defects of what?

Answer 4

Leukocyte function of microbicidal activity.

Question 5

What are the chemical mediators of inflammation? (2)

Answer 5

Plasma derived: Complement, kinins, coagulation factors, many in “pro-form” requiring activation.
Cell-derived: Preformed, sequestered and released, synthesized as needed

Question 6

What is the systematic effects of inflammation? Give examples.

Answer 6

Fever (cytokine- mediated, acute phase reactions including: anorexia, skeletal muscle protein degradation, hypotension)

Question 7

Complete resolution, little tissue damage capable of regeneration, scarring (fibrosis), in tissues unable to regenerate, excessive fibrin deposition organized into fibrous tissue, abscess formation occurs with some bacterial or fungal infections. These are the possible outcomes for _____________.

Answer 7

Inflammation.

Question 8

PFA (platelet activating factor) is derived from what? Causes what?

Answer 8

Derived from cell membrane phospholipid; causes vasodilation, increased vascular permeability, increases leukocyte adhesion.

Question 9

Prostaglandins and thromboxane: via cyclooxygenase pathway are the specific mediators of _____________ and causes _________and prolong ______ but also protective.

Answer 9

Arachidonic acid metabolites; vasodilation; edema

Question 10

Leads to formation of bradykinin from cleavage of precursor (HMWK), vascular permeability Arteriolar dilation, non-vascular smooth muscle contraction (e.g., bronchial smooth muscle), causes pain. This is the ____ system.

Answer 10

Kinin system

Question 11

__________ as a mediator has vasodilatory effects similar to those of histamine, platelet dense-body granules. It is released by the trigger of ___________-, plasma proteases, clotting system, complement, kinins.

Answer 11

Serotonin; platelet aggregation

Question 12

Histamine as a ________ causes vasodilation and venular endothelial cell contraction, junctional widening. It is released by _____, _____, ______ in response to injury.

Answer 12

mediator; mast cells; basophils; platelets

Question 13

May or may not utilize a specific cell surface receptor for activity; may signal target cells to release other effector molecules that either amplify or inhibit initial response; are tightly regulated; quickly decay, inactivated enzymatically (kininase), or are scavenged (antioxidants). These are the 4 things about ____________.

Answer 13

Chemical mediators

Question 14

_________ is released by the granules of mast cells, basophils, platelets in response to _______ and ______________-.

Answer 14

Histamine; injury; immune reactions

Question 15

How are the complement factors in the complement system named? How many factors are there?

Answer 15

W/ numbers: C1-C9; 20 factors

Question 16

Prostaglandins and thromboxane: via cyclooxygenase pathway causes what? But is also ________

Answer 16

vasodilation and prolong edema; protective: gastric mucosa

Question 17

PAF stands for? Derived from? Causes?

Answer 17

Platelet activating factor; from cell membrane phospholipid; causes vasodilation, increased vascular permeability, increases leukocyte adhesion (integrin conformation)

Question 18

Which specific kinds of cytokines are important for inflammation?

Answer 18

IL-1, TNF-α and -β, IFN-γ

Question 19

__________ short-acting soluble free-radical gas with many functions. They are produced by __________ and ____________. Causes are _________ and ______________, counteracts platelet adhesion, aggregation, and degranulation.

Answer 19

Nitric acid; endothelial cells; macrophages; vascular smooth muscle relaxation; vasodilation

Question 20

What are some possible outcomes of inflammation? (5)

Answer 20

Complete resolution,
Little tissue damage
Capable of regeneration
Scarring (fibrosis)
Progression to chronic inflammation

Question 21

What is an undesirable outcome of inflammation?

Answer 21

Fibrosis, in tissues unable to regenerate

Question 22

Lymphocyte, macrophage, plasma cell infiltration, tissue destruction by inflammatory cells, attempts at repair with fibrosis and angiogenesis (new vessel formation). When acute phase cannot be resolved, persistent injury or infection. Prolonged toxic agent exposure (silica). Can cause autoimmune diseases. What is this condition?

Answer 22

Chronic inflammation

Question 23

Macrophages that are all over. They circulate as monocytes & reach site of injury w/in 24-48 hrs & transform. Become activated by T cell-derived cytokines, endotoxins, and other products of inflammation. These are ______________ (2).

Answer 23

mononuclear phagocytes

Question 24

Give 3 lymphocytes.

Answer 24

T & B lymphocytes, plasma cells, eosinophils

Question 25

How are T & B lymphocytes activated? Release what?

Answer 25

Antigen-activated (via macrophages and dendritic cells); release macrophage-activating cytokines

Question 26

Describe granulomatous inflammation.

Answer 26

Clusters of T cell-activated macrophages, which engulf and surround indigestible foreign bodies.

Question 27

Lymphatics drains ______, which causes…

Answer 27

tissues; flow to increase in inflammation, antigen is transported to the lymph node

Question 28

What are the patterns of acute and chronic inflammation ?

Answer 28

Serous (Watery, protein-poor effusion), fibrin accumulation (entirely removed or becomes fibrotic), suppurative (presence of pus), and ulceration (Necrotic and eroded epithelial surface).

Question 29

What cytokines causes fever?

Answer 29

IL-1, IL-6, and TNF

Question 30

How does white blood cell count increases?
Differentiation indicates what?
An elevation of neutrophils suggest what? Eosinophils? Lymphocytes?

Answer 30

By proliferation/cell division.
The level of white blood cells.
Suggests bacteria infections; parasitic infection; viral

Question 31

What is Leukocytosis?

Answer 31

Elevated white blood cell count.

Question 32

What is Chediak-Higashi Syndrome?

Answer 32

Lysosomal degranulation.

Question 33

What does fever do to the immune response and pathogens?

Answer 33

Fever speeds up immune responses and makes it difficult for pathogens to survive at elevated temperature.

Question 34

Does granulomas resemble squamous cells, therefore called “epithelioid” granulomas (a microbe that is resistant to destruction)?

Answer 34

Yes.