Lecture 4 - Inflammation part 2

Question 1

List the contents of leukocytes granules.

Answer 1

Bactericidal permeability increasing protein (BPI), lysozyme, lactoferrin
Defensins (punch holes in membranes).

Question 2

List the defects of leukocyte function of adhesion.

Answer 2

LFA-1 and Mac-1 subunit defects lead to impaired adhesion (LAD-1),
Absence of sialyl-Lewis X, and defect in E- and P-selectin sugar epitopes (LAD-2)

Question 3

List the defects of leukocyte function of chemotaxis/phagocytosis.

Answer 3

Microtubule assembly defect leads to impaired locomotion and lysosomal degranulation (Chediak-Higashi Syndrome).

Question 4

List the defects of leukocyte function of microbicidal activity.

Answer 4

Deficiency of NADPH oxidase that generates superoxide… no oxygen-dependent killing mechanism (chronic granulomatous disease)

Question 5

What are the chemical mediators of inflammation?

Answer 5

Plasma derived: Complement, kinins, coagulation factors, many in “pro-form” requiring activation.
Cell-derived: Preformed, sequestered and released (mast cell histamine), synthesized as needed (prostaglandin)

Question 6

What are the systematic effects of inflammation?

Answer 6

Fever (One of the easily recognized cytokine- mediated, acute phase reactions including: anorexia, skeletal muscle protein degradation, hypotension)
Fever speeds up immune responses and makes it difficult for pathogens to survive at elevated temperature.
Leukocytosis: Elevated white blood cell count

Question 7

List the possible outcome of inflammation.

Answer 7

Complete resolution, little tissue damage capable of regeneration, scarring (fibrosis), in tissues unable to regenerate, excessive fibrin deposition organized into fibrous tissue, abscess formation occurs with some bacterial or fungal infections

Question 8

What is the specific mediators of PFA (platelet activating factor) Causes what?

Answer 8

Derived also from cell membrane phospholipid; causes vasodilation, increased vascular permeability, increases leukocyte adhesion

Question 9

What are the specific mediators of arachidonic acid metabolites? Causes what?

Answer 9

Prostaglandins and thromboxane: via cyclooxygenase pathway
cause vasodilation and prolong edema but also protective.

Question 10

Describe the Kinin system.

Answer 10

Leads to formation of bradykinin from cleavage of precursor (HMWK), vascular permeability Arteriolar dilation, non-vascular smooth muscle contraction (e.g., bronchial smooth muscle), causes pain

Question 11

What does serotonin do as a mediator? Released by what?

Answer 11

Has vasodilatory effects similar to those of histamine, platelet dense-body granules; release is triggered by platelet aggregation, plasma proteases, clotting system, complement, kinins

Question 12

What does histamine do as a mediator? Released by what?

Answer 12

Causes vasodilation and venular endothelial cell contraction, junctional widening; mast cells, basophils, platelets in response to injury

Question 13

State 4 things about chemical mediators.

Answer 13

May or may not utilize a specific cell surface receptor for activity; may signal target cells to release other effector molecules that either amplify or inhibit initial response; are tightly regulated; quickly decay, inactivated enzymatically (kininase), or are scavenged (antioxidants)

Question 14

Where is histamine released by? In response to what?

Answer 14

The granules of mast cells, basophils, platelets; to injury and immune reactions

Question 15

How are the complement factors in the complement system named? How many factors are there?

Answer 15

W/ numbers: C1-C9; 20 factors

Question 16

Prostaglandins and thromboxane: via cyclooxygenase pathway causes what? But is also ________

Answer 16

vasodilation and prolong edema; protective: gastric mucosa

Question 17

PAF stands for? Derived from? Causes?

Answer 17

Platelet activating factor; from cell membrane phospholipid; causes vasodilation, increased vascular permeability, increases leukocyte adhesion (integrin conformation)

Question 18

Leukotrienes: via lipoxygenase pathway are… causes…

Answer 18

are chemotaxins, vasoconstrictors; cause increased vascular permeability, and bronchospasm

Question 19

Which specific kinds of cytokines are important for inflammation?

Answer 19

IL-1, TNF-α and -β, IFN-γ

Question 20

Nitric oxide are… produced by… causes…

Answer 20

short-acting soluble free-radical gas with many functions; by endothelial cells, macrophages; vascular smooth muscle relaxation and vasodilation, kills microbes in activated macrophages, counteracts platelet adhesion, aggregation, and degranulation

Question 21

What are some possible outcomes of inflammation?

Answer 21

Complete resolution,
Little tissue damage Capable of regeneration
Scarring (fibrosis)
Progression to chronic inflammation

Question 22

What is an undesirable outcome of inflammation?

Answer 22

Fibrosis, in tissues unable to regenerate

Question 23

Describe chronic inflammtion.

Answer 23

Lymphocyte, macrophage, plasma cell infiltration, tissue destruction by inflammatory cells, attempts at repair with fibrosis and angiogenesis (new vessel formation). When acute phase cannot be resolved, persistent injury or infection. Prolonged toxic agent exposure (silica). Can cause autoimmune diseases.

Question 24

Describe mononuclear phagocytes

Answer 24

Macrophages that are all over. They circulate as monocytes & reach site of injury w/in 24-48 hrs & transform. Then become activated by T cell-derived cytokines, endotoxins, and other products of inflammation.

Question 25

Give 3 lymphocytes.

Answer 25

T & B lymphocytes, plasma cells, eosinophils

Question 26

How are T & B lymphocytes activated? Release what?

Answer 26

Antigen-activated (via macrophages and dendritic cells); release macrophage-activating cytokines (in turn, macrophages release lymphocyte- activating cytokines until inflammatory stimulus is removed)

Question 27

Describe granulomatous inflammation.

Answer 27

Clusters of T cell-activated macrophages, which engulf and surround indigestible foreign bodies. Resemble squamous cells, therefore called “epithelioid” granulomas (a microbe that is resistant to destruction)

Question 28

Lymphatics drains ______, which causes…

Answer 28

tissues; flow to increase in inflammation, antigen is transported to the lymph node

Question 29

What are the patterns of acute and chronic inflammation ?

Answer 29

Serous (Watery, protein-poor effusion), fibrin accumulation (entirely removed or becomes fibrotic), suppurative (presence of pus), and ulceration (Necrotic and eroded epithelial surface).

Question 30

What are the systemic effects of inflammation?

Answer 30

Fever (speeds up immune responses & makes it difficult for pathogens to survive at elevated temp), leukocytosis (elevated white blood cell count)

Question 31

What cytokines causes fever?

Answer 31

IL-1, IL-6, and TNF

Question 32

How does white blood cell count increases?
Differentiation indicates what?
An elevation of neutrophils suggest what? Eosinophils? Lymphocytes?

Answer 32

By proliferation/cell division.
The level of white blood cells.
Suggests bacteria infections; parasitic infection; viral