Lecture 18 - Vaccines Flashcards
Will there be a better immune response to a vaccine, the more similar it is to the natural disease?
Yes;
the more similar a vaccine is to the natural disease, the better the immune response to the vaccine.
What is passive immunity?
The transfer of antibody from an exogenous source; offers temporary protection
List sources of passive immunity (4).
Almost all blood or blood products.
Homologous pooled human antibody (immune globulin).
Homologous human hyperimmune globulin.
Heterologous hyperimmune serum (antitoxin).
List 2 antibodies for prevention of RSV.
RSV-IGIV: human hyperimmune globulin and contains other antibodies
Palivizumab (synagis): monoclonal and contains only RSV antibody
What is vaccination?
Active immunity produced by vaccine. The immunity and immunologic memory is similar to natural infection but without the risk of the disease.
How do we classify vaccines?
Live attenuated (viral and bacterial), and inactivated.
Attenuated (weakened) form of the “wild” virus or bacteria…
Must _________ to be effective.
Immune response similar to ____________. (2)
Usually effective with _____ dose.
replicate; natural infection; one
What are potential problems with live attenuated vaccines?
Severe reactions possible, interference from circulating antibody, and it is unstable.
List some examples of viral and bacterial live attenuated vaccines.
Viral: measles, mumps, yellow fever
Bacterial: BCG and oral typhoid
List some inactivated vaccines.
Subunit: hepatitis B, influenza
Toxoid: diphtheria, tetanus
What are some differences about inactivated vaccines compared to attenuated vaccines.
Cannot replicate, minimal interference from circulating antibody, generally not as effective as live vaccines…need 3-5 doses, immune response mostly humoral, and antibody titer falls over time.
What are 2 types of polysaccharide vaccines? List 2 examples.
Pure polysaccharide and conjugate polysaccharide
Ex.s: pneumococcal and haemophilus influenzae type b for both pure and conjugate
For pure polysaccharide vaccines, they were not consistently _____________ in children <2 years ago.
Does it have a booster response?
What improved conjugation?
immunogenic; no; immunogenicity
What is an adjuvant?
An ingredient used in some vaccines that helps create a stronger immune response in people receiving the vaccine…help vaccines work better.
Adjuvants help the body to produce what?
An immune response strong enough to protect the person from the disease they are being vaccinated against.
