Lecture 2

Question 1

What are the 3 essential functions of the innate immune sys?

Answer 1

Initial response to microbes, eliminate damaged cells & initiate the response process of tissue repair, stimulates adaptive response

Question 2

The _________ sys produces ______ to stimulate the ________ immune response.

Answer 2

innate; cytokines; adaptive

Question 3

What are the cell components of the innate immune sys (8)?

Answer 3

Macrophages, monocytes, neutrophils, basophils, eosinophils, mast cells, dendritic cell and natural killer cells

Question 4

Another name for neutrophils are…

Answer 4

polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMN)

Question 5

List 5 things about neutrophils/PMNs.

Answer 5

Short-lived scavenger blood cell whose granules contain powerful bacterial enzymes, most abundant white blood cell type in blood, 1st to arrive at site of injury, phagocytic, have multiple lobes w/in it

Question 6

Define macrophage.

Answer 6

A large tissue cell responsible for removing damaged tissues, cells, bacteria. It is phagocytic.

Question 7

Both _____ and macrophages come from the ___________, and are known as _______ cells.

Answer 7

Neutrophils/PMNs; bone marrow; myeloid

Question 8

What do macrophages exist as within the bloodstream?

Answer 8

monocytes

Question 9

What are dendritic cells, where they’re found and their function?

Answer 9

A rare cell type found in the T cell area of all lymphoid tissues. Their function is to present antigen to T cells…initiate all T cell dependent immune responses.

Question 10

List 4 things about natural killer (NK) cells.

Answer 10

A lymphocyte-like cell capable of killing some targets. Don’t have receptors or fine specificity characteristics of true lymphocytes. Have similar killing mechanisms to CD8 T-cells but not MHC restricted. Kill tumor or virus infected cells by a mechanism known as antibody dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity.

Question 11

Define mast cell.

Answer 11

A large tissue cell which release inflammatory mediators when damaged, & also under the influence of antibody.

Question 12

Mast Cell: By increasing __________, inflammation allows ______ & _____ to enter the tissues from the _____.

Answer 12

vascular permeability; complement; cells; blood

Question 13

Are mast cells implicated in allergies?

Answer 13

Yes.

Question 14

What are basophils?

Answer 14

A type of white blood cell that has small granules (granulocyte).

Question 15

What is the role of basophils in the immune sys?

Answer 15

Surveillance like detecting and destroying very early cancers and wound repair.

Question 16

Basophils can release _______ and other ______ and play a role in the initiation of _______________.

Answer 16

histamine; mediators; allergic reactions

Question 17

Which white blood cell type is the least abundant.

Answer 17

Basophils

Question 18

Define eosinphils.

Answer 18

A type of white blood cell that play an important role in the body’s response to allergic reactions, asthma, & infection with parasites.

Question 19

Eosinophils usually account for less than __% of the circulating white blood cells (___ to 500 eosinophils per microliter of blood).

Answer 19

7; 100

Question 20

What roles do eosinophils have?

Answer 20

Protective immunity against certain parasites and contribute to inflammation in allergic disorders.

Question 21

Sometimes eosinophils cause ________ in certain organs and result in symptoms.

Answer 21

inflammation

Question 22

Give an example of soluble proteins.

Answer 22

Natural killer cells (NK)

Question 23

How do cells recognize pathogens?

Answer 23

Through receptors, like pathogen recognition receptors (PRRs).

Question 24

Dendritic cells activate what?

Answer 24

Adaptive immune response.

Question 25

What do PRRs recognize?

Answer 25

1) Pathogen association molecular pattern (PAMP) and damage-association molecular pattern (DAMP)

Question 26

What are PAMPs? DAMPs?

Answer 26

Molecular structures of microbial pathogen that are required for survival; result of cell damage by infections.

Question 27

PRRs are expressed on _________, particularly on the _____________.

Answer 27

effector cells; professional antigen presenting cell (APC).

Question 28

What ability do APCs have?

Answer 28

To capture and process foreign antigens & deliver the 3 signals for T cell activation.

Question 29

List some APCs.

Answer 29

Macrophages, dendritic cells, & B cells.

Question 30

Where are 3 locations PRRs can be found?

Answer 30

Transmembrane PRRs, cytosolic PRRs, secreted PRRs

Question 31

Give examples of transmembrane PRRs.

Answer 31

Toll like receptors (TLRs) and C-type Lectin receptors(CLRs)

Question 32

Give ex.s of cytosolic PRRs.

Answer 32

Nod like receptors (NLRs) & RIG-I-like receptors (RLRs)

Question 33

What are the 5 functions of pattern recognition receptors?

Answer 33

1) opsonization
2) activation of complement
3) phagocytosis
4) activation of pro-inflammatory signaling pathways
5) induction of apoptosis

Question 34

What does TLR stand for?

Answer 34

Toll-like receptors

Question 35

Most classes of human pathogens are covered by ___.

Answer 35

C-Type Lectin receptors (CLRs)

Question 36

What receptor is a major receptor for recognition of fungi?

Answer 36

C-Type lectin receptor (CLRs)

Question 37

What are NOD-like receptors and their use?

Answer 37

A subset of PRRs found in the cytosol that are essential for detecting invading pathogens and initiating the innate immune response.

Question 38

What does NLR stand for?

Answer 38

NOD-like receptors

Question 39

The NLR consist of how many human proteins? How are they activated?

Answer 39

22 human proteins; activated by bacterial, fungal, or viral molecules that contain PAMPs or by DAMPs