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Head and Neck > Lecture 4 Ear > Flashcards

Lecture 4 Ear Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 3 parts of the ear

A

External
Middle
Inner

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2
Q

Describe the external ear

A
  • Receives sound waves
  • Pinna and the ear canal
  • Tympanic membrane separates it from middle ear
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3
Q

Describe the middle ear and its functions

A
  • Transmits sound waves from air to bone
  • Amplifies by bone to bone
  • Transmits sound to inner ear
  • Air-filled cavity that connects with the pharynx through the eustachian tube
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4
Q

What part of the ear connects with the eustachian tube

A

Middle ear
It opens transiently to allow middle ear pressure to equilibrate with atmospheric pressure during chewing, swallowing and yawning

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5
Q

Describe the inner ear and its function

A
  • Sound waves converted to nerve impulses
  • Transmitted to CNS via acoustic nerve (CNVIII)
  • Vestibular organs
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6
Q

What are the 2 parts of the external ear canal

A

Lateral 1.]/3rd made of skin and cartilage

Medial 2/3rd made of skin and bone (no hairs or cilia)- doesn’t produce wax

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7
Q

Where does skin in the externally ear grow from and where is it shed

A

Umbo of the tympanic membrane outwards

Shed in the lateral 1/3rd of canal

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8
Q

Name the features of the tympanic membrane

A 
Pars flaccida
Posterior fold
Umbo
Annulus
Pars tensa
Cone of light
Manubrium of malleus
Incus
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9
Q

What is the contents of the middle ear

A
  • Ossicular chain
  • Oval window
  • Round window
  • Facial nerve (usually covered in bone)
  • Chorda tympani
  • Eustacian tube opening
  • Includes mastoid air cells
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10
Q

Name the Ossicles

A

Malleus
Incus
Stapes

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11
Q

What is the function of the ossicles

A

Conduct sound waves from tympanic membrane to inner ear via oval window
Amplification

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12
Q

What can disrupt the ossicles function

A

Trauma or bony sclerosis (Ostosclerosis)

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13
Q

Describe the process of sound in air being converted to nerve impulses

A
  • Directs sound into canal
  • TM vibrates
  • Ossicular chain vibrates
  • Transmitted to oval window of Cochlea
  • This is detected by hair cells in organ of corti
  • Converted into nerve impulses
  • Transmitted to brainstem (junction of pons and medulla) by CN VIII
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14
Q

What is the function of the middle ear

A

Transduce vibration into nervous impulses

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15
Q

What are the most important relations to middle ear

A

Middle cranial fossa
Internal carotid artery
Sigmoid sinus and internal jugular vein
Nasopharynx

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16
Q

What does the Eustachian tube connect

A

The middle ear to the nasopharynx

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17
Q

What are the functions of the eustachian tube

A

Pressure equalisation

Mucus drainage

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18
Q

What causes fluid in the middle ear

A

Eustachian tube dysfunction which causes negative pressure to draw into the middle ear and mucus remains

19
Q

What is acute Otitis Media

A

Infection of lining of middl earned can be bacterial or viral

20
Q

What is the cause and presentation of acute Otitis media

A

Respiratory infections via Eustachian tube
Bulging red tympanic membrane
Pus in middle ear
Very painful

21
Q

What is a complication of pus in the middle ear causes by otitis media

A

Mastoitis and pus in mastoid air cells

22
Q

What is the cause of Otitis Media with Effusion

A

Eustachian tube not opening causing negative pressure and fluid to be drawn into middle ear

23
Q

Why does fluid in the ear lead to hearing loss

A

Fluid filled ear limits mobility of ossicular chain

24
Q

Why is Otitis media with effusion common in children

A

Narrow, horizontal Eustachian tube

Large adenoids at opening

25
Q

What is the management of Otitis Media with Effusion

A

Monitor for 3 months

If no improvement Grommets can be inserted

26
Q

What is Cholesteatoma

A

It is when negative pressure sucks in tympanic membrane causing a retraction pocket which enlarges and forms a large keratin ball in middle ear that can destroy and invade structures

27
Q

What structures can result in complications with Otitis Media and Cholesteatoma

A
  • Meninges
  • Middle cranial fossa
  • Facial nerve
  • Mastoid cavity
  • Inner ear
  • Sigmoid sinus/internal jugular vein
28
Q

What is the 6 segments of the facial nerve CNVII within the ear

A 
Intracranial
Metal segment
Labyrinthe segment
Tympanic segment
Mastoid segment
Extratemporal segment
29
Q

What muscles of the face do the facial nerves supply motor function

A

Motor supply to:
Stapedius
Posterior belly of digastric
Stylohyoid

30
Q

What part of the tongue does the facial nerve supply taste to

A

Anterior 2/3rds of tongue from Chorda tympani

31
Q

What are the 5 branches of the facial nerve

A 
Temporal
Zygomatic
Buccal
Marginal Mandibular
Cervical
32
Q

Whats the difference between UMN and LMN palsy

A

UMN is caused by strokes, SDH or tumour and forehead is unaffected
LMN is cased by acute otitis media, cholesteatoma and forehead is affected as well as ipsilateral side

33
Q

What is the contents of the Cochclear

A

Organ of Corti
Bony and membranous labyrinth
Bony-perilymph
Membranous- endolymph

34
Q

What is the contents od the peripheral vestibular apparatus

A

Utricle
Saccule
Semilunar canals

35
Q

What nerve supplies the Inner ear

A

Vestibularcochlear nerve (CN VIII)

36
Q

What is the purpose of semilunar canals

A

responsible for detecting head rotation and maintaining balance

37
Q

What is the purpose of Vestibule-ocular reflex

A

This is what is responsible for your ability to fix your vision on an object even when your head is moving

38
Q

What is the function of the Saccule

A

Detects linear acceleration in vertical plane

39
Q

What is the function of the Utricle

A

Detects linear accelerate

40
Q

What innervates the sensation to the middle ear

A

• Tympanic branch of glossopharyngeal nerve (CN IX) AKA Jacobsons nerve.

41
Q

What nerve innervates the sensation to posterior half of EAC

A

Auricular branch of vagus nerve (CN X)

42
Q

What nerve innervates the anterior half of EAC

A

Facial nerve

43
Q

What nerve innervates the pinna

A

Mandibular branch of the trigeminal nerve

Head and Neck (16 decks)

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