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Head and Neck > Lecture 4 Ear > Flashcards

Lecture 4 Ear Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 3 parts of the ear

A

External
Middle
Inner

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2
Q

Describe the external ear

A
  • Receives sound waves
  • Pinna and the ear canal
  • Tympanic membrane separates it from middle ear
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3
Q

Describe the middle ear and its functions

A
  • Transmits sound waves from air to bone
  • Amplifies by bone to bone
  • Transmits sound to inner ear
  • Air-filled cavity that connects with the pharynx through the eustachian tube
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4
Q

What part of the ear connects with the eustachian tube

A

Middle ear
It opens transiently to allow middle ear pressure to equilibrate with atmospheric pressure during chewing, swallowing and yawning

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5
Q

Describe the inner ear and its function

A
  • Sound waves converted to nerve impulses
  • Transmitted to CNS via acoustic nerve (CNVIII)
  • Vestibular organs
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6
Q

What are the 2 parts of the external ear canal

A

Lateral 1.]/3rd made of skin and cartilage

Medial 2/3rd made of skin and bone (no hairs or cilia)- doesn’t produce wax

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7
Q

Where does skin in the externally ear grow from and where is it shed

A

Umbo of the tympanic membrane outwards

Shed in the lateral 1/3rd of canal

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8
Q

Name the features of the tympanic membrane

A 
Pars flaccida
Posterior fold
Umbo
Annulus
Pars tensa
Cone of light
Manubrium of malleus
Incus
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9
Q

What is the contents of the middle ear

A
  • Ossicular chain
  • Oval window
  • Round window
  • Facial nerve (usually covered in bone)
  • Chorda tympani
  • Eustacian tube opening
  • Includes mastoid air cells
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10
Q

Name the Ossicles

A

Malleus
Incus
Stapes

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11
Q

What is the function of the ossicles

A

Conduct sound waves from tympanic membrane to inner ear via oval window
Amplification

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12
Q

What can disrupt the ossicles function

A

Trauma or bony sclerosis (Ostosclerosis)

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13
Q

Describe the process of sound in air being converted to nerve impulses

A
  • Directs sound into canal
  • TM vibrates
  • Ossicular chain vibrates
  • Transmitted to oval window of Cochlea
  • This is detected by hair cells in organ of corti
  • Converted into nerve impulses
  • Transmitted to brainstem (junction of pons and medulla) by CN VIII
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14
Q

What is the function of the middle ear

A

Transduce vibration into nervous impulses

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15
Q

What are the most important relations to middle ear

A

Middle cranial fossa
Internal carotid artery
Sigmoid sinus and internal jugular vein
Nasopharynx

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16
Q

What does the Eustachian tube connect

A

The middle ear to the nasopharynx

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17
Q

What are the functions of the eustachian tube

A

Pressure equalisation

Mucus drainage

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18
Q

What causes fluid in the middle ear

A

Eustachian tube dysfunction which causes negative pressure to draw into the middle ear and mucus remains

19
Q

What is acute Otitis Media

A

Infection of lining of middl earned can be bacterial or viral

20
Q

What is the cause and presentation of acute Otitis media

A

Respiratory infections via Eustachian tube
Bulging red tympanic membrane
Pus in middle ear
Very painful

21
Q

What is a complication of pus in the middle ear causes by otitis media

A

Mastoitis and pus in mastoid air cells

22
Q

What is the cause of Otitis Media with Effusion

A

Eustachian tube not opening causing negative pressure and fluid to be drawn into middle ear

23
Q

Why does fluid in the ear lead to hearing loss

A

Fluid filled ear limits mobility of ossicular chain

24
Q

Why is Otitis media with effusion common in children

A

Narrow, horizontal Eustachian tube

Large adenoids at opening

25
What is the management of Otitis Media with Effusion
Monitor for 3 months | If no improvement Grommets can be inserted
26
What is Cholesteatoma
It is when negative pressure sucks in tympanic membrane causing a retraction pocket which enlarges and forms a large keratin ball in middle ear that can destroy and invade structures
27
What structures can result in complications with Otitis Media and Cholesteatoma
* Meninges * Middle cranial fossa * Facial nerve * Mastoid cavity * Inner ear * Sigmoid sinus/internal jugular vein
28
What is the 6 segments of the facial nerve CNVII within the ear
``` Intracranial Metal segment Labyrinthe segment Tympanic segment Mastoid segment Extratemporal segment ```
29
What muscles of the face do the facial nerves supply motor function
Motor supply to: Stapedius Posterior belly of digastric Stylohyoid
30
What part of the tongue does the facial nerve supply taste to
Anterior 2/3rds of tongue from Chorda tympani
31
What are the 5 branches of the facial nerve
``` Temporal Zygomatic Buccal Marginal Mandibular Cervical ```
32
Whats the difference between UMN and LMN palsy
UMN is caused by strokes, SDH or tumour and forehead is unaffected LMN is cased by acute otitis media, cholesteatoma and forehead is affected as well as ipsilateral side
33
What is the contents of the Cochclear
Organ of Corti Bony and membranous labyrinth Bony-perilymph Membranous- endolymph
34
What is the contents od the peripheral vestibular apparatus
Utricle Saccule Semilunar canals
35
What nerve supplies the Inner ear
Vestibularcochlear nerve (CN VIII)
36
What is the purpose of semilunar canals
responsible for detecting head rotation and maintaining balance
37
What is the purpose of Vestibule-ocular reflex
This is what is responsible for your ability to fix your vision on an object even when your head is moving
38
What is the function of the Saccule
Detects linear acceleration in vertical plane
39
What is the function of the Utricle
Detects linear accelerate
40
What innervates the sensation to the middle ear
• Tympanic branch of glossopharyngeal nerve (CN IX) AKA Jacobsons nerve.
41
What nerve innervates the sensation to posterior half of EAC
Auricular branch of vagus nerve (CN X)
42
What nerve innervates the anterior half of EAC
Facial nerve
43
What nerve innervates the pinna
Mandibular branch of the trigeminal nerve

Head and Neck (16 decks)

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