Lecture 4 (DONE)

Question 1

GENERAL OVERVIEW OF NEURAL COMMUNICATION

Answer 1

LOOK AT PAPER

Question 2

What open and closes ion channels?

Answer 2

1. NT-gated
2. Stimulus-gated (senses)

Question 3

Do sensory systems have dendrites? If not, what is the alternative?

Answer 3

No dendrites. They have ion channels that open and close, but by a gated stimulus.

Question 4

What are the 4 NT types?

Answer 4

Acetylcholine, monoamines, amino acids, and peptides.

Question 5

What are the NT amino acids?

Answer 5

GABA and Glutamate

Question 6

What are the NT peptides?

Answer 6

endorphins and substance P

Question 7

How do NT “go away?”

Answer 7

a. re-absorbed by pre-synaptic terminals
b. altered to be inactive
c. float away and be absorbed by glial cells

Question 8

How are NT altered to be inactive?

Answer 8

-broken down by enzymes
-converted into inactive state by enzymes

Question 9

What is the difference between Ionotropic and Metabotropic receptor? IDMI

Answer 9

I: Direct action on ion channels
M: Indirect action on ion channels

Question 10

What is an ionophore?

Answer 10

Receptor + Ion Channel

Question 11

What happens to an ionophore when an NT binds to a receptor?

Answer 11

Change in configuration, which opens up the ion channel

Question 12

Define depolarizing NT.

Answer 12

Binds to ionophores with Na+ channels and opens them.

Question 13

What is glutamate and what does it do?

Answer 13

Attaches to ionophores with na+ channels and makes a excitatory NT

Question 14

What does a hyperpolarizing NT do?

Answer 14

Binds to ionophores with K+ and opens them,

Question 15

Why hyperpolarizing NTs?

Answer 15

To make inside of neuron more negative when there are too many K+ ions. Down the conc. gradient.

Question 16

Define “inhibitory NTs”.

Answer 16

GABA attaches to ionophore with Cl- channels

Question 17

What is another word for a metabotropic receptor?

Answer 17

2nd messenger

Question 18

What does a metabotropic receptor do?

Answer 18

1. Trans. molecule attach to R
2. R bends, releases G protein
3. G protein alters metabolic pathway and turns on gene to open or close ion channel type.
   Indirectly opens

Question 19

What are the 4 major receptor types?

Answer 19

Ach, Norphenephrine, Dopamine, and Seratonin.

Question 20

Define drug.

Answer 20

Medicine or other substance that has a physiological effect when introduced to the body

Question 21

Define psychoactive drug.

Answer 21

any substance that changes brain function and results in altered perception mood or consciousness.

Question 22

Define agonist.

Answer 22

Mimic or increase the effect of NT.

Question 23

Define antagonist.

Answer 23

Block or decrease effect of NT.

Question 24

5 ways drugs can be an agonist

Answer 24

1. Stimulate Receptor / Mimic NT
2. Stimulate to release more NT
3. Block re-absorption of NT at synapse
4. Precursor for NT
5. Inactivate enzyme that breaks down NT.

Question 25

(4 ways drug can be antagonist.

Answer 25

1. Block receptor
2. Inhibit NT release
3. Inactivate synthetic enzyme
4. Make synaptic vesicles leaky