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Physiology > Lecture 4- Cell Transport > Flashcards

Lecture 4- Cell Transport Flashcards

1
Q

what are two types of transports across the membrane?

A

active and passive transport

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2
Q

is ATP required for active transport?

A

yes

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3
Q

is ATP required for passive transport?

A

no

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4
Q

what is the direction of molecule moving in active transport?

A

the molecule is moving against concentration radiant from low to high

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5
Q

what is diffusion?

A

it is passive transport

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6
Q

what are 5 properties of diffusion?

A
  1. Diffusion uses kinetic energy of molecular movement and doesn’t require outside energy source (ATP).
  2. Molecules diffuse from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration (down the concentration radiant).
  3. Diffusion continues until concentrations come to equilibrium. Molecular movement continues, though, even after equilibrium has been reaches.
  4. Diffusion is fast along higher concentration gradients, over shorter distances, at higher temperatures, and for smaller molecules (lighter in weight).
  5. Diffusion can take place in an open system or across a partition that separates two systems.
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7
Q

the rate of diffusion through a membrane is faster if:

A
  • the membrane’s surface area is larger
  • the membrane in thinner
  • the concentration gradient is larger
  • the membrane is more permeable to the molecule
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8
Q

what is lipophilic and lipophobic?

A

lipophilic: hydrophobic (likes lipids)
lipophobic: hydrophilic (doesn’t like lipids)

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9
Q

what is osmosis?

A

when H2O moves across a membrane in response to solute concentration gradient; H2O moves from higher water to lower water. Water molecules go from higher concentration to lower concentration.

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10
Q

what does osmotic pressure do?

A

stops osmosis

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11
Q

what is a solution?

A

solution = solute + solvent (which is usually H2O)

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12
Q

does osmosis effect cell volume?

A

yes

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13
Q

what is ECF and ICF?

A

extracellular fluid and intercellular fluid

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14
Q

is the cells concentration always the same?

A

yes

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15
Q

what is tonicity of osmosis?

A

it describes how the concentration of a solution affects cell volume; it describes the tonicity of a solution relative to the cell’s ICF

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16
Q

what are the three sub groups/types of tonicity?

A

Isotonic, Hypertonic, and Hypotonic

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17
Q

what is an isotonic solution?

A

When [ECF] = [ICF]; the solution outside is isotonic to the cell. The cell doesn’t change volume (no net diffusion).

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18
Q

what is a hypertonic solution?

A

When [ECF] > [ICF]. Solution is hypertonic to the cell. The cell loses H2O snd shrinks,

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19
Q

what is a hypotonic solution?

A

When [ECF] < [ICF]. The solution is hypotonic to the cell. The cell gains H2O and swells.

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20
Q

draw diagrams of isotonic, hypotonic, and hypertonic here

A
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21
Q

what is cell transport?

A

it helps to transport cells to either the low or high concentration

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22
Q

what is another name for protein-mediated transport?

A

diffusion

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23
Q

Under protein-mediated transport, what are transport proteins?

A

they transport molecules

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24
Q

what are channel proteins?

A

they are proteins embedded in the plasma membrane, across the entire width of the membrane. They create a water-filled passageway called channels. The donut hole is filled with water, they help communicate with ECF and ICF.

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25
Q

what are 2 types of channel proteins?

A

open channels and gated channels

26
Q

what are open channels?

A

these channels can be open 24/7; there is no regulation on molecule movement. (it depends on concentration movement). Ex: Leaky channels

27
Q

what are gated channels?

A

they open and close in response to signals; they regulate molecule movement. It controls whether or not to open the gate.

28
Q

what are 3 subtypes of gated channels?

A

chemically gated, voltage-gates, and mechanically-gated.

29
Q

what are carrier proteins?

A

They transport as well; they are called transporters. They bind to substrates, change the conformation (shape), then release the substrate (aka the molecule). *the carrier changes shape

30
Q

what are two types of carrier proteins/transporters?

A
  1. uniport carrier: transports/moves only one type of molecule/substrate.
  2. cotransporter: transports/moves over 1 type of molecules.
31
Q

what are two subtypes of cotransporters?

A

symport carriers (moves 2 or more substrates in the same direction across the membrane).
antiport carriers (moves 2 or more substrates in the opposite direction)

32
Q

what are properties of transport proteins?

A
  1. Specificity: moves only one type of molecule or closely related molecules (or structurally similar). ex: GLUT; or only glucose or only fructose.
  2. Competition: closely related substrates (similar structurally) compete for binding sites.
  3. Saturation: all transporters are filled with substrates, transport rate is maximum.
33
Q

give an example of glucose entering the cell

A

glucose binds to GLUT, changes its shape, then enters the cell.

34
Q

what is passive facilitated transport?

A

it follows the same rules as simple diffusion EXCEPT it needs transport proteins; it doesn’t require ATP. Ex: Glucose transporter (GLUT)

35
Q

draw diagram of passive facilitated transport

A
36
Q

what are two types of active transport?

A

primary (direct) and secondary

37
Q

what is primary (direct) active transport?

A

when ATPase (an enzyme) hydrolyzes ATP (breaks the high energy bond between Phosphate 1 and 2). The energy from ATP is used to move molecules AGAINST the concentration gradient. (against concentration gradient is from low to high conc. using the energy from ATPase hydrolyzing ATP).

38
Q

what is an example of primary active transport?

A

Na+/K+ ATPase or Na+/K+ pump.

39
Q

study Na+/K+ pump

A
40
Q

what are the concentrations of ECF and ICF for the following ions?

A

K+ (potassium) = low outside the cell; high inside the cell. *the only one that is high in the cell.
Na+ (sodium) = high outside the cell; low inside the cell.
Cl- (chloride) = high outside the cell; low inside the cell.
Ca2+ (calcium) = high outside the cell; low inside the cell.

41
Q

what does the word pump refer to?

A

primary active transport; ex: Na+ K+ pump

42
Q

what does the hint PumpKin and 1, 2 = K. 3 = Na refer to?

A

Pump; K goes in. (Potassium goes in the cell.
There are 2 K+ molecules and 3 Na+ molecules.

43
Q

what is secondary active transport?

A

it is driven by the concentration gradient (as opposed to ATP) from high concentration to low concentration. It is created by primary active transport.

44
Q

what is an example of secondary transport?

A

SGLT(Na+linkedGlucoseTransporter)

45
Q

study diagram of secondary active transport.

A
46
Q

what is vesicular transport?

A

it is transporting larger molecules and molecules in bulk, using ATP

47
Q

what is phagocytosis?

A

It is one type of vesicular transport. It is when a white blood cell engulfs bacterium or large particles into the large vesicle (the phagosome). This movement of the molecule is phagocytosis.

48
Q

what is another name for phagocytosis?

A

cell-eating

49
Q

draw diagram of phagocytosis

A
50
Q

give an example of phagocytosis

A

when the phagocytic cell engulfs the bacterium, and the cell creates a phagosome. The phagosome contains the bacteria and it fuses with lysosomes. Lysosomes contain digestive enzymes to break down bacteria. Then the bacterium is killed and digested within the vesicle.

51
Q

what is endocytosis?

A

it is another type of vesicular transport. It imports large molecules. It is not debris like before, but it imports large molecules that were already dissolved in the ECF.

52
Q

what are two subtypes of endocytosis?

A

pinocytosis and receptor-mediated

53
Q

what is pinocytosis?

A

the type of endocytosis that takes in ECF around the cell. It is called cell drinking.

54
Q

what is receptor-mediated endocytosis?

A

it is when the substrate binds to the receptor, then it is taken to the cell. It goes to the lysosome to get broken down. This step is selective, so it only takes certain things into the ECF.

55
Q

what is the difference between phagocytosis and endocytosis?

A

phagocytosis engulfs solid molecules, white endocytosis engulfs molecules that are dissolved in the ECF.

56
Q

what is exocytosis?

A

the last type of vesicular transport. It exports large lipophobic molecules and takes them out of the cell. Lipophobic doesn’t like fat, so its hydrophilic and polar.

57
Q

what happens when large molecules are exported out of the cell in exocytosis?

A

first, we activate our transcription in the nucleus, then the messenger RNA goes to the fixed ribosomes in the rough endoplasmic reticulum. so we synthesize our protein and force it through the RER, then the protein is sent to the Golgi apparatus. There we check and see if we need to modify our protein. After the Golgi apparatus, the protein is wrapped in a vesicle which is made out of plasma membranes. Then the vesicle moves toward the membrane, the plasma membranes melt together, and the vesicle is pushed out of the cell.

58
Q

draw and study the diagram about exocytosis

A
59
Q

what does the rough endoplasmic reticulum do regarding proteins?

A

protein synthesis happens here, so primary, secondary, and tertiary structuring, etc.

60
Q

what are three types of vesicular transport?

A

phagocytosis, endocytosis, and exocytosis

Physiology (9 decks)

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