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Physiology > blood > Flashcards

blood Flashcards

1
Q

what is blood composed of?

A

plasma and cellular (formed) elements

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2
Q

what is blood centrifuged to be?

A

RBCs, buffy coat, plasma

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3
Q

what is the plasma consisted of?

A

water, ions (electrolytes), organic molecules, trace elements, gases

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4
Q

what are organic molecules within plasma consisted of?

A

amino acids, proteins, glucose, lipids, nitrogenous waste

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5
Q

what are proteins within organic molecules consisted of?

A

albumins (carriers)
globulins (clotting factors, carrier)
fibrinogen (essential to blood clotting)
transferrin (iron transport)

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6
Q

what are cellular elements consisted of?

A

RBCs, leukocytes (white blood cells), platelets (thrombocytes)

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7
Q

what do RBCs do?

A

transport oxygen and carbon dioxide

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8
Q

what do the white blood cells consist of?

A

lymphocytes, neutrophils, basophils, monocytes, eosinophils

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9
Q

what are platelets essential for?

A

for blood clotting

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10
Q

what is hematopoiesis?

A

producing blood cells

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11
Q

what are the 3 types of hematopoiesis?

A

erythropoiesis, thrombopoiesis, leukopoesis

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12
Q

what happens during erythropoiesis?

A

producing red blood cells by using EPO (erythropoietin) to stimulate red bone marrow in kidney cells.
pluripotent hematopoietic stem cell –> uncommitted stem cell –> committed progenitor stem cell –> erythroblast –> reticulate –> erythrocyte

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13
Q

what happens during thrombopoiesis?

A

platelets are made by using TPO (thrombopoietin) to stimulate red bone marrow in liver cells.
pluripotent hematopoietic stem cell –> uncommitted stem cell –> committed progenitor stem cell –> megakaryocytes –> platelets

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14
Q

what happens during leukopoiesis?

A

making white blood cells by using colony-stimulating factors by stimulating red bone marrow in blood cells in the endothelium and fibroblasts of bone marrow.
pluripotent hematopoietic stem cell –> uncommitted stem cell –> committed progenitor stem cell –> all white blood cells
*Exception: lymphocytes skip committed and uncommitted cells

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15
Q

what is differential white cell count?

A

the % of different types of white blood cells, to indicate infections, etc.

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16
Q

what is hematocrit?

A

% of red blood cells in circulation in total blood volume

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17
Q

what are normal hematocrit values?

A

female: 37-47%
male: 40-54%

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18
Q

how long do RBCs last in circulation?

A

120 days or 4 months

19
Q

T/F: RBCs use anaerobic respiration

A

true

20
Q

what is MCV?

A

Mean cell volume of RBCs;
its 80-96 fL (femtoliter)

21
Q

what does hemoglobin carry in the blood?

A

O2 (carried and binds to it)

22
Q

what is hemoglobin made of?

A

it is a protein made of 4 polypeptide groups, which are made of Heme groups in each one.

23
Q

what is a heme group?

A

it has an iron Fe molecule that binds to the O2, which makes the hemoglobin a bright red color

24
Q

quick summary of hemoglobin synthesis

A

Fe from diet goes into the small intestine and is transported into the blood plasma through transferrin.
Fe binds to Heme and makes a hemoglobin to make RBC.
RBC circulates for 120 days and gets destroyed in the spleen and turned into bilirubin.
Bilirubin goes to the kidney and gets excreted as urine and then some goes to the liver. Liver makes it into bile and is excreted out. Other is stores as Fe as ferritin.

25
Q

what are different causes of anemia?

A
  • Blood loss
  • Hemolytic anemia (cells rupture at a high rate, which can be caused by hypotonic conditions)
  • Abnormal hemoglobin (ex sickle cell anemia)
  • Parasitic infection
  • Aplastic anemia (when red bone marrow isn’t producing any blood cells at all caused by drugs or radiation)
  • Iron deficiency (iron is required for heme production)
  • Folic acid deficiency (it is required for DNA synthesis; so when pluripotent hematopoietic stem cells go to uncommitted, etc)
  • vitamin b12 deficiency (required for DNA synthesis)
  • Inadequate production of EPO (can be caused by kidney or renal problems)
26
Q

what is hemostasis?

A

blood clotting mechanism

27
Q

what is the process of hemostasis?

A
  1. vasoconstriction
  2. platelet activation:
    a. exposed collagen binds and activates platelets
    b. release of platelet factors
    - serotonin released; it is a vasoconstrictor
    - ADP released
    - platelet-activating factor (PAF) is released, which activates more platelets, and produces thromboxane A2
    c. factors attract more platelets
    d. platelets aggregate into a platelet plug (soft plug)
  3. Coagulation cascade:
    a. intrinsic pathway
    b. extrinsic pathway
  4. fibrinolysis
28
Q

what is the process of making thromboxane A2?

A

Membrane phospholipids
–>
Arachnoid acid
–>
Prostaglandin H2 (using enzyme cyclooxygenase (COX1))
–>
thromboxane A2 (using enzyme thromboxane synthase)

29
Q

what is thromboxane A2?

A

it is a vasoconstrictor that increases platelet aggregation

30
Q

what is a coagulation cascade?

A

formation of solid clot with two pathways; intrinsic and extrinsic

31
Q

what is the intrinsic pathway?

A
  • collaged exposed
  • activates clotting factor 12
  • activates clotting factor 10
32
Q

what is the extrinsic pathway?

A
  • damage to tissue
  • activates clotting factor 10
33
Q

when the two pathways merge, what happens?

A
  • clotting factor 10 activates
  • prothrombin is converted into thrombin
  • fibrinogen is converted into fibrin
    -ca2+ is used to get the final. product, cross-linked fibrin polymer
34
Q

what is fibrinolysis?

A

breaking down (dissolution) of a blood clot with the enzyme plasmin

35
Q

what happens during fibrinolysis?

A
  • fibrinogen becomes fibrin fragments
  • plasminogen used TPA (tissue plasminogen activator) to become plasmin
36
Q

what are two ways we prevent clots in healthy blood vessels?

A
  1. endothelium secreting prostacyclin
  2. anticoagulants
37
Q

what happens in healthy blood vessel’s endothelium?

A

endothelial cells secrete prostacyclin and nitric oxide; which are both vasodilators

38
Q

how do we produce prostacyclin?

A

Membrane phospholipids
–>
Arachnoid acid
–>
Prostaglandin H2 (using enzyme cyclooxygenase (COX2))
–>
prostacyclin (using enzyme prostacyclin synthase)

39
Q

what does prostacyclin do?

A

it is a vasodilator and inhibits platelet aggregation

40
Q

what are anticoagulants?

A

they prevent blood clotting

41
Q

what are examples of anticoagulants?

A

heparin, antithrombin 3, protein c, vitamin D, aspirin

42
Q

what is hemophilia?

A

a genetic problem that is a defective or lacking clotting factors 7, 8, or 9

43
Q

is hemophilia curable? what chromosome is it carried on?

A

no it is not, it is carried on the x chromosome

Physiology (9 decks)

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