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Physiology > Lecture 1 - Chemistry > Flashcards

Lecture 1 - Chemistry Flashcards

1
Q

What are atoms?

A

The smallest unit of chemical elements. They are not alive.

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2
Q

What are at the center of the atoms (within the nucleus)?

A

The nucleus of an atom contains protons and neutrons.

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3
Q

Where are the electrons located?

A

In the outer shell/orbits of a nucleus.

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4
Q

what are molecules? give an example

A

when 2 or more atoms share electrons, it forms molecules; ex: water

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5
Q

give an example of macromolecules and micro molecules

A

micro molecules: something more simple like H2O
macromolecules: something more complex like starch
*They are NOT alive

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6
Q

What are ions?

A

When an atom is charged from movement of electrons

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7
Q

What are the two types of ions + what do they mean?

A

Cation: positively + charged
Anion: negatively - charged

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8
Q

What is an example of a cation and anion?

A

Cation: Sodium ion (Na+)
Anion: Chloride ion (Cl-)

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9
Q

What is the difference between ions and atoms?

A

Ions are charged.
Atoms are neutral because the # of electrons = the # of protons.

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10
Q

When an electron is gained, what’s the charge?
When an electron is lost, what’s the charge?

A

When its gained: its negative -
When its lost: its positive +

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11
Q

what are chemical bonds?

A

they are what hold the atoms together in molecules.

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12
Q

what are the three types of chemical bonds?

A

Covalent bonds, Ionic bonds, Hydrogen bonds

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13
Q

What are covalent bonds? give an example

A

They share e- (electrons) between 2 atoms; oxygen O2 is an example

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14
Q

what are ionic bonds? + an example

A

When e- are donated to another atom; ex: Na+ + Cl-

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15
Q

what are hydrogen bonds? + an example

A

they are weak attractions of H (hydrogen) and a nearby O (oxygen), N (nitrogen), or F (Florine) between molecules. Ex: H2O molecules

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16
Q

What is [OH-] and [H+]?

A

The concentration of Hydroxide and Hydrogen/Proton in a solution

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17
Q

When are [OH-] and [H+] neutral in a solution?

A

When [OH-] and [H+] are equal; the pH is 7

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18
Q

When are [OH-] and [H+] acidic in a solution? Give an example.

A

When [H+] > [OH-]; the pH is lower than 7. HCl

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19
Q

What does the molecule release in acid?

A

Molecule releases H+

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20
Q

True/False: If you are releasing H+ into a solution, it is acidic

A

True

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21
Q

When are [OH-] and [H+] basic in a solution? Give an example

A

When [OH-] > [H+]; pH over 7. Example: NaOH

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22
Q

What does a molecule release in a base?

A

Molecule releases OH-. If you release OH- into a solution, it is basic and it absorbs H+.

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23
Q

Does H+ contribute to changes in the pH?

A

YES

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24
Q

what does the pH scale measure?

A

the [H+] in a solution`

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25
Q

how do you calculate the pH with [H+]?

A

formula: pH= -log[H+]
Example:
Given [H+] = 1 * 10^-7 M, find pH.
pH = 7
(The exponent is just the pH but the - becomes a +).

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26
Q

Pure water has a pH of…

A

7.0, meaning its H+ concentration is 1*10^-7 M

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27
Q

Give an example of acidic and basic/alkaline solutions

A

Acidic: Vinegar, stomach acid
Basic/Alkaline: soap, ammonia, baking soda, pancreatic secretions

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28
Q

what are buffers? give an example

A

any substance/molecule that moderates/minimize changes in pH.
example: HCO3- = bicarbonate ion (this is the most important buffer, usually found in the blood)

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29
Q

give a buffer formula

A

CO2 + H2O = H2CO3 = H+ + HCO3

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30
Q

When there’s a rise in [H+] in the blood, what is the condition called? what is the correction?

A

acidosis, correction: HCO3- + H+ —> H2CO3

*** HCO3- binds to H+

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31
Q

When theres a lowering of [H+] in the blood, what is the condition called? What is the correction?

A

Alkalosis; correction: H2CO3 = HCO3- + H+

32
Q

what are monomers?

A

the building blocks, simple sugar

33
Q

what are monosaccharides?

A

the building blocks of complex carbohydrates

34
Q

what are the 5 types of monosaccharides?

A

5 carbon sugars (pentoses): ribose and deoxyribose
6 carbon sugars (hexoses): fructose, glucose, and galactose

35
Q

what is the chemical formula of monosaccharides?

A

C6H12O6

36
Q

what are disaccharides?

A

they are the condensation/building/dehydration synthesis of monosaccharides.

37
Q

what is the chemical formula of disaccharides?

A

C12H22O11

38
Q

what do disaccharides consist of?

A

glucose plus another monosaccharide

39
Q

what is dehydration synthesis?

A

the condensation/building of something. It is when H2O is removed between 2 molecules and they are bonded to create disaccharides and so on.

40
Q

what are 3 types of disaccharides?

A

sucrose (glucose + fructose)
maltose (glucose + glucose)
lactose (galactose + glucose)

41
Q

what are polysaccharides?

A

the combination of multiple monomers

42
Q

what are two examples of polysaccharides?

A

glycogen (stored in liver; liver sugar)
starch

43
Q

what is hydrolysis?

A

the splitting of a molecule with H2O; it is breaking a bond and adding water

44
Q

what are the four types of lipids?

A

triglycerides, phospholipids, steroids, and eicosanoids.

45
Q

what are triglycerides?

A

fat or oils

46
Q

are triglycerides nonpolar?

A

yes, since the fatty acids tails are nonpolar so they are nonpolar covalent bonds

47
Q

what are the structure of triglycerides?

A

they are connected by one glycerol and one or more fatty acids (these are the monomers)

48
Q

what is the structure of the monomers of triglycerides: the fatty acid and glycerol?

A

the fatty acids are composed of a chain of hydrocarbons. (the hydrogens bonded with carbons, its nonpolar).
the glycerol is a 3-carbon structure, with OH attached to each carbon.
together they are the monomers, the building blocks of triglyceride.

49
Q

what are the subunits of triglycerides?

A

the monomers, which are the the fatty acids, and glycerol

50
Q

what are the three types of triglycerides + what are they?

A

monoglyceride: one glycerol and one fatty acid
diglyceride: one glycerol and 2 fatty acids
triglyceride: one glycerol and 3 fatty acids

51
Q

what are saturated fats?

A

a lipid that consists of triglycerides that have carbon chains that consist of only carbon-carbon single bonds

52
Q

what are monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fats?

A

they are fat that consists of triglycerides whose carbon chains contain one or more carbon-carbon double bonds

53
Q

what are phospholipids?

A

they are a type of lipid that consists of 2 fatty acids, glycerol, and a phosphate group. (instead of one glycerol and fatty acids like triglycerides). it helps to form animal cell membranes.

54
Q

what does the structure of phospholipids consist of? (the subunits?)

A

a phosphate + glycerol part, a polar hydrophilic portion, and a nonpolar hydrophobic portion (which are the fatty acids)

55
Q

what are steroids?

A

they are a type of lipid molecule that consists of four linked carbon rings. they start out as cholesterol and then it is converted into a steroid. cholesterol is the primary source of steroids in the human body

56
Q

what are eicosanoids?

A

they have modified 20-carbon fatty acids with a complete or partial carbon ring at one end, and two long carbon chain tails.

57
Q

what are proteins consisted of? (what are the subunits)

A

20 different amino acids; proteins are also polymers

58
Q

**draw and label the structure of amino acids here

A
59
Q

what are the different types of proteins?

A
  • dipeptide: the shortest chain; with 2 amino acids held together by a peptide bond; covalent bond (undergoes dehydration synthesis)
  • oligopeptide: 2-9 amino acids
  • polypeptide: 10-100 amino acids
  • protein > 100 amino acids
60
Q

what are the different structures of protein?

A

Primary structure (1 degree)
Secondary structure (2 degree)
Tertirary structure (3 degree)
Quaternanry structure

61
Q

What are the primary structures of protein?

A

it’s a linear sequence of amino acids

62
Q

what is the structure of the secondary structure of proteins?

A

it has hydrogen bonds that link amino acids and it makes two different types of shapes:
1. Alpha helix: this shape is formed by hydrogen bonding
2. Beta pleated sheets: this shape is also formed by hydrogen bonding
** draw pictures here

63
Q

what is the tertiary structure of protein?

A

it is the folding of a secondary structure into a 3D shape. IT IS FUNCTIONAL

64
Q

how does the tertiary structure keep its shape?

A

In order for the tertiary structure to keep its shape, bonds need to be made between + and - charges. Ionic bonds, disulfide bonds, and H bonds are all bonds. However, the same charges repel, which makes pockets within the tertiary structure.

65
Q

what is the quaternary structure of a protein?

A

2 or more tertiary structures combine. examples: fibrous proteins in collagen and globular proteins in hemoglobin

66
Q

T/F: The sequence of protein determines the shape

A

True

67
Q

What are subunits of nucleic acids?

A

nucleotides

68
Q

what does a nucleotide consist of?

A

pentose (sugar), nitrogenous base, and a phosphate group

69
Q

insert picture of nucleotide

A
70
Q

under nucleotides, what does pentose consist of?

A

Two types of pentose: Ribose and Deoxyribose

71
Q

under nucleotides, what does the nitrogenous base consist of and what are its amino acids?

A

The nitrogenous base consists of Purine and Pyrimidine.
Purine: *HAS a double-ring structure. Adenine (A) and Guanine (G).
Pyrimidines: *HAVE a single ring. Cytosine (C), Thymine (T), and Uracil (U)

72
Q

Does DNA and RNA have double or singe helix?

A

DNA: double helix
RNA: single helix

73
Q

What are two types of nucleic acids?

A

Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)
Ribonucleic acid (RNA)

74
Q

what amino acids do DNA and RNA have?

A

DNA- A, T, G, C
RNA- A, U, C, G

*DNA has T and RNA has U

75
Q

What are the pairs of amino acids?

A

G-C and A-T

76
Q

ADD last picture of lecture 1 here on last page

A
77
Q

what is Beer’s law?

A

Beer’s law states that the concentration of a substance in a solution is directly proportional to the amount of light absorbed by the solution.
Formula: Cunknown = Aunknown * Cstd/Astd

Physiology (9 decks)

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