Lecture 1 - Chemistry Flashcards
What are atoms?
The smallest unit of chemical elements. They are not alive.
What are at the center of the atoms (within the nucleus)?
The nucleus of an atom contains protons and neutrons.
Where are the electrons located?
In the outer shell/orbits of a nucleus.
what are molecules? give an example
when 2 or more atoms share electrons, it forms molecules; ex: water
give an example of macromolecules and micro molecules
micro molecules: something more simple like H2O
macromolecules: something more complex like starch
*They are NOT alive
What are ions?
When an atom is charged from movement of electrons
What are the two types of ions + what do they mean?
Cation: positively + charged
Anion: negatively - charged
What is an example of a cation and anion?
Cation: Sodium ion (Na+)
Anion: Chloride ion (Cl-)
What is the difference between ions and atoms?
Ions are charged.
Atoms are neutral because the # of electrons = the # of protons.
When an electron is gained, what’s the charge?
When an electron is lost, what’s the charge?
When its gained: its negative -
When its lost: its positive +
what are chemical bonds?
they are what hold the atoms together in molecules.
what are the three types of chemical bonds?
Covalent bonds, Ionic bonds, Hydrogen bonds
What are covalent bonds? give an example
They share e- (electrons) between 2 atoms; oxygen O2 is an example
what are ionic bonds? + an example
When e- are donated to another atom; ex: Na+ + Cl-
what are hydrogen bonds? + an example
they are weak attractions of H (hydrogen) and a nearby O (oxygen), N (nitrogen), or F (Florine) between molecules. Ex: H2O molecules
What is [OH-] and [H+]?
The concentration of Hydroxide and Hydrogen/Proton in a solution
When are [OH-] and [H+] neutral in a solution?
When [OH-] and [H+] are equal; the pH is 7
When are [OH-] and [H+] acidic in a solution? Give an example.
When [H+] > [OH-]; the pH is lower than 7. HCl
What does the molecule release in acid?
Molecule releases H+
True/False: If you are releasing H+ into a solution, it is acidic
True
When are [OH-] and [H+] basic in a solution? Give an example
When [OH-] > [H+]; pH over 7. Example: NaOH
What does a molecule release in a base?
Molecule releases OH-. If you release OH- into a solution, it is basic and it absorbs H+.
Does H+ contribute to changes in the pH?
YES
what does the pH scale measure?
the [H+] in a solution`
how do you calculate the pH with [H+]?
formula: pH= -log[H+]
Example:
Given [H+] = 1 * 10^-7 M, find pH.
pH = 7
(The exponent is just the pH but the - becomes a +).
Pure water has a pH of…
7.0, meaning its H+ concentration is 1*10^-7 M
Give an example of acidic and basic/alkaline solutions
Acidic: Vinegar, stomach acid
Basic/Alkaline: soap, ammonia, baking soda, pancreatic secretions
what are buffers? give an example
any substance/molecule that moderates/minimize changes in pH.
example: HCO3- = bicarbonate ion (this is the most important buffer, usually found in the blood)
give a buffer formula
CO2 + H2O = H2CO3 = H+ + HCO3
When there’s a rise in [H+] in the blood, what is the condition called? what is the correction?
acidosis, correction: HCO3- + H+ —> H2CO3
*** HCO3- binds to H+
When theres a lowering of [H+] in the blood, what is the condition called? What is the correction?
Alkalosis; correction: H2CO3 = HCO3- + H+
what are monomers?
the building blocks, simple sugar
what are monosaccharides?
the building blocks of complex carbohydrates
what are the 5 types of monosaccharides?
5 carbon sugars (pentoses): ribose and deoxyribose
6 carbon sugars (hexoses): fructose, glucose, and galactose
what is the chemical formula of monosaccharides?
C6H12O6
what are disaccharides?
they are the condensation/building/dehydration synthesis of monosaccharides.
what is the chemical formula of disaccharides?
C12H22O11
what do disaccharides consist of?
glucose plus another monosaccharide
what is dehydration synthesis?
the condensation/building of something. It is when H2O is removed between 2 molecules and they are bonded to create disaccharides and so on.
what are 3 types of disaccharides?
sucrose (glucose + fructose)
maltose (glucose + glucose)
lactose (galactose + glucose)
what are polysaccharides?
the combination of multiple monomers
what are two examples of polysaccharides?
glycogen (stored in liver; liver sugar)
starch
what is hydrolysis?
the splitting of a molecule with H2O; it is breaking a bond and adding water
what are the four types of lipids?
triglycerides, phospholipids, steroids, and eicosanoids.
what are triglycerides?
fat or oils
are triglycerides nonpolar?
yes, since the fatty acids tails are nonpolar so they are nonpolar covalent bonds
what are the structure of triglycerides?
they are connected by one glycerol and one or more fatty acids (these are the monomers)
what is the structure of the monomers of triglycerides: the fatty acid and glycerol?
the fatty acids are composed of a chain of hydrocarbons. (the hydrogens bonded with carbons, its nonpolar).
the glycerol is a 3-carbon structure, with OH attached to each carbon.
together they are the monomers, the building blocks of triglyceride.
what are the subunits of triglycerides?
the monomers, which are the the fatty acids, and glycerol
what are the three types of triglycerides + what are they?
monoglyceride: one glycerol and one fatty acid
diglyceride: one glycerol and 2 fatty acids
triglyceride: one glycerol and 3 fatty acids
what are saturated fats?
a lipid that consists of triglycerides that have carbon chains that consist of only carbon-carbon single bonds
what are monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fats?
they are fat that consists of triglycerides whose carbon chains contain one or more carbon-carbon double bonds
what are phospholipids?
they are a type of lipid that consists of 2 fatty acids, glycerol, and a phosphate group. (instead of one glycerol and fatty acids like triglycerides). it helps to form animal cell membranes.
what does the structure of phospholipids consist of? (the subunits?)
a phosphate + glycerol part, a polar hydrophilic portion, and a nonpolar hydrophobic portion (which are the fatty acids)
what are steroids?
they are a type of lipid molecule that consists of four linked carbon rings. they start out as cholesterol and then it is converted into a steroid. cholesterol is the primary source of steroids in the human body
what are eicosanoids?
they have modified 20-carbon fatty acids with a complete or partial carbon ring at one end, and two long carbon chain tails.
what are proteins consisted of? (what are the subunits)
20 different amino acids; proteins are also polymers
**draw and label the structure of amino acids here
what are the different types of proteins?
- dipeptide: the shortest chain; with 2 amino acids held together by a peptide bond; covalent bond (undergoes dehydration synthesis)
- oligopeptide: 2-9 amino acids
- polypeptide: 10-100 amino acids
- protein > 100 amino acids
what are the different structures of protein?
Primary structure (1 degree)
Secondary structure (2 degree)
Tertirary structure (3 degree)
Quaternanry structure
What are the primary structures of protein?
it’s a linear sequence of amino acids
what is the structure of the secondary structure of proteins?
it has hydrogen bonds that link amino acids and it makes two different types of shapes:
1. Alpha helix: this shape is formed by hydrogen bonding
2. Beta pleated sheets: this shape is also formed by hydrogen bonding
** draw pictures here
what is the tertiary structure of protein?
it is the folding of a secondary structure into a 3D shape. IT IS FUNCTIONAL
how does the tertiary structure keep its shape?
In order for the tertiary structure to keep its shape, bonds need to be made between + and - charges. Ionic bonds, disulfide bonds, and H bonds are all bonds. However, the same charges repel, which makes pockets within the tertiary structure.
what is the quaternary structure of a protein?
2 or more tertiary structures combine. examples: fibrous proteins in collagen and globular proteins in hemoglobin
T/F: The sequence of protein determines the shape
True
What are subunits of nucleic acids?
nucleotides
what does a nucleotide consist of?
pentose (sugar), nitrogenous base, and a phosphate group
insert picture of nucleotide
under nucleotides, what does pentose consist of?
Two types of pentose: Ribose and Deoxyribose
under nucleotides, what does the nitrogenous base consist of and what are its amino acids?
The nitrogenous base consists of Purine and Pyrimidine.
Purine: *HAS a double-ring structure. Adenine (A) and Guanine (G).
Pyrimidines: *HAVE a single ring. Cytosine (C), Thymine (T), and Uracil (U)
Does DNA and RNA have double or singe helix?
DNA: double helix
RNA: single helix
What are two types of nucleic acids?
Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)
Ribonucleic acid (RNA)
what amino acids do DNA and RNA have?
DNA- A, T, G, C
RNA- A, U, C, G
*DNA has T and RNA has U
What are the pairs of amino acids?
G-C and A-T
ADD last picture of lecture 1 here on last page
what is Beer’s law?
Beer’s law states that the concentration of a substance in a solution is directly proportional to the amount of light absorbed by the solution.
Formula: Cunknown = Aunknown * Cstd/Astd
