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Physiology > Endocrinology > Flashcards

Endocrinology Flashcards

1
Q

what is the active form of the thyroid hormone?

A

T3

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2
Q

what is the symporter that brings Iodine into the follicle cells?

A

NIS - sodium iodine symporter

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3
Q

what is the enzyme that adds iodine to tyrosine?

A

thyroid peroxidase

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4
Q

once t3 and t4 are made, how are they transported into blood circulation once it is done being made?

A

they are hydrophobic, so they are transported into circulation by thyroxine-binding globulin and albumin (made in liver)

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5
Q

when one iodine is added to the tyrosine-thyroglobulin structure, what is it called? when two are added?

A

one iodine = MIT
two iodine = DIT

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6
Q

what does MIT and DIT stand for?

A

Monoiodotyrosine and diiodotyrosine

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7
Q

how are t3 and t4 formed?

A

t3 = mit + dit
t4 = dit + dit

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8
Q

what is the release pathway for thyroid gland?

A

hypothalamus - TRH
anterior pituitary - TSH
thyroid gland - T3 and T4

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9
Q

what is hyperthyroidism, and two causes of it?

A

too much production of t3 and t4; cause 1: thyroid cancer (tumor growth in thyroid gland) and cause 2: grave’s disease (autoimmune disease, stimulates thyroid gland)

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10
Q

what are the symptoms of hyperthyroidism?

A
  • higher 02 consumption
  • high metabolic heat production = heat intolerant
  • protein catabolism = weight loss
  • irritable/insomnia
  • tachycardia (high hr)
  • goiter
  • exopthalamus (swelling behind eyeballs)
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11
Q

what is a cause of hypothyroidism?

A

not enough t3 and t4, caused by lack of iodine in diet

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12
Q

what are the symptoms of hypothyroidism?

A
  • lower 02 consumption
  • lower metabolic rate = cold intolerant
  • protein synthesis = dry/think skin, brittle nails, thin hair
  • slow speech/thought process
  • fatigue
  • bradycardia (low hr)
  • goiter
  • myxedema (eye bags)
  • cretinism (slow development mentally during infancy)
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13
Q

is hypothyroidism treatable?

A

yes, just add iodine to diet

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14
Q

does hyperthyroidism initiate negative feedback? how about hypothyroidism?

A

hyperthyroidism does, hypothyroidism doesn’t

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15
Q

what is the growth hormone release?

A

hypothalamus - GHRH
anterior pituitary - GH
liver and other tissues - insulin-like growth factors

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16
Q

what is the inhibitory hormone in growth hormone release?

A

somatostatin; released from the hypothalamus

17
Q

what do the IGF’s affect in the growth hormone release?

A

cartilage, bone, and tissue growth, higher blood glucose

18
Q

what is pituitary drawfism?

A

when you don’t have enough GH from the anterior pituitary. it causes stunt in bone growth and this happens in childhood

19
Q

what is giantism?

A

when there is a GH oversecretion in childhood; tumor growth in the pituitary gland

20
Q

what is acromegaly?

A

it is GH oversecretion in adulthood

21
Q

what is the parathyroid hormone?

A

its a gland behind the thyroid gland releasing this hormone.

22
Q

what triggers the release of parathyroid hormone?

A

low blood concentration of calcium Ca2+ levels

23
Q

when the parathyroid hormone is released into the bloodstream, what is the main goal?

A

to raise blood plasma Ca2+ levels

24
Q

when the parathyroid hormone is released into the bloodstream, what series of events are triggered? (aka where do we get the Ca2+ ions from?)

A
  1. increase in osteoclast activity (breaking down bone to receive Ca2+ ions)
    - this results in bone resorption, which is breaking down the bone
  2. increase in renal Ca2+ reabsorption (takes Ca2+ out of urine before it is excreted)
  3. increase in intestinal Ca2+ absorption (taking Ca2+ out of the diet through vitamin D3)
25
Q

what is calcitrol, and where is it located?

A

it is vitamin D3 and located from exposure to sunlight, and also the diet.

26
Q

do we convert cholesterol into vitamin d3?

A

yes

27
Q

what are the steps that calcitrol increases blood ca2+ levels?

A
  1. increase osteoclast activity
  2. increase renal resorption
  3. increase intestinal Ca2+ absorption with PTH
28
Q

what is calcitonin and where is it located?

A

it is triggered by too much blood ca2+, so it lowers blood ca2+ levels. it is located and synthesized in the thyroid gland (in the cell outside of the follicle)

29
Q

what are the steps that calcitonin trigger?

A
  1. inhibits osteoclast activity
  2. increase renal ca2+ secretion
30
Q

what is osteoporosis?

A

bone loss; stimulates osteoblasts

Physiology (9 decks)

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