lecture 4: blindness Flashcards
do you have to be totally blind to be considered as visually impaired
no
acuity means what (1 word)
sharpness
visual field is what
peripheral
what is a normal visual field
180
to be considered legally blind you need to have both bad acuity and low visual field
false, you need only 1
what are the conditions to be considered legally blind
20/200 or less with best correction (10% acuity)
OR
visual field less than 10% (tunnel vision)
what is the definition of total blindness
inability to recognize a strong light shown directly into the eye
what are the percentages of those who have residuals vs totally blind?
80% residual (20% totally blind)
what are the 3 sport classifications according to the international blind sports federation
b1. b2. b3
what is the general definition of B1
from total blindness to very low residual vision
what is the general definition of b2
low residual vision
what is the general definition of b3
better residual vision
explain b1
No light perception in either eye up to light perception and inability to recognize the shape of a hand in any direction and at any distance
-Do sports like swimming, judo and wrestling independently. Track event with a guide
which classification has no light perception to light perception in either eye
b1
inability to recognize the shape pf the hand in any direction at any distance is associated to what classification
b1
what type of sports to b1 classification do independently
swimming, judo and wrestling independently
can b1 athletes do track events?
yes with a guide
explain b2 classification
Ability to recognize the shape of a hand up to a visual acuity of 2/60 and a limitation of the field of vision of 5◦
-Can do many activities independently with the sunlight / bright indoor light
which classification has the ability to recognize the shape of hand up to a visual acuity of 2/60 and or limitation of field of vision 5 degrees
b2
what type of sports activities can b2 do
-Can do many activities independently with the sunlight / bright indoor light
b3 has what vision
2/60 To 6/60 (20/200) vision and/or field of vision between 5 and 20◦
what sports do b3 do
Do not use guides for most activities (except high-risk activities; ex: rock climbing, downhill skiing etc.)
true or false: b3 need guides for most activities
false (except for high risk)
at the Paralympics where does the guide go
at the back
in recreational skiing, 99% of blind people are guided from the
back
in ski racing, where is the guide
in the front
how many people in Quebec are legally blind
8000 (and going up since age is going up)
50% of those who are legally blind are over what age
65
10% of those in Quebec who are legally blind are under what age
20 years
what are the realities of vision loss
Only 1/3 of adults with vision loss are employed
3 X more likely to experience depression
Greater risk of social isolation
what percentage of adults with visual lost are employed
1/3
true or false: those who are vision loss are 3x more likely to experience depression
true
those with vision loss are more at risk of what
social isolation
what are the 5 causes of blindness
Diabetic retinopathy Cataracts Glaucoma Macular degeneration Retinal detachment
what do retina cells do
convert light into neural impulses
what is the macula responsible for and give example
central vision
ex: reading
explain the blood vessels in the eye
blood vessels supply nutrients to eye structures (including retina cells)
what is the leading cause of blindness between ages of 20-65
diabetic retinopathy
what is Complication of diabetes and leading cause of blindness.
diabetes retinopathy
how does diabetic retinopathy occur
It occurs when diabetes damages the tiny blood vessels inside the retina. (damages = not reversible)
true or false: diabetic retinopathy is reversible
FALSE, the damages are permanent
cataracts is the most common in
senior citizens
what is a cataract
a clouding of the natural lens, the part of the eye responsible for focusing light and producing clear, sharp images
what is the lens and what is it responsible for
the part of the eye responsible for focusing light and producing clear, sharp images
explain glaucoma
This disease increases the fluid pressure inside the eye, leading to loss of side vision and eventually total blindness.
The increased pressure destroys the optic nerve.
which condition increases pressure in the eye
glaucoma
what disease is a clouding of the lens
cataracts
what disease is associated with damaging the tiny blood vessels in the retina
diabetic retinopathy
what type of exercises should you avoid with glaucoma and why
isometric exercises
contacting msucles nbut no movement with means a lot of pressure gets built up
what is the first thing you lose for glaucoma?
lose peripheral first then total blindness
what is macular degeneration
is the gradual loss of vision caused by the degeneration of the macula, which is a small, circular membrane at the center of the retina (role = detailed central vision)
what is the macula
which is a small, circular membrane at the center of the retina (role = detailed central vision)
which condition is associated with is the gradual loss of vision caused by the degeneration of the macula,
macular degeneration
what is the percentage of macular degeneration in individuals?
occurs in 10% of individuals aged 66-74
true or false: in macular degeneration only the peripheral is affected
false, central is only affected
what is retinal detachment associated within(caused by)
is associated with a tear or a hole in the retina of the eye.
what is retinal detachment caused by
injuries or diabetic retinopathy
can you fix retinal detachment from an injury?
yes
can you fix retinal detachment from diabetic retinopathy
no because cells are dead
true or false: when talking to a blind person you should talk louder
false, they are not deaf
true or false: never grab a blind persons arm
true, but permit them to take your arm
what pace do you walk at when guiding (slow, same, or faster)
normal pace
when giving directions to a blind what should you remember
don’t point or say over there
true or false: describe the surroundings
true
is it okay to pet a guide dog without permission
no, never distract or feed a dog guiding a blind or visually impaired person
According to the guidelines seen in the document ‘A Way with Words and Images’, in walking and talking, you should:
follow their pace (let the person set the pace)
what is important in terms of light for exercise
need good lighting for b2 and b3
what is important in terms of colours in sports
colour contrast and bright colours (especially in team sports) for easier recognition
true or false; you should eliminate noise in exercise for blind
yes (ex: goal ball, beep baseball
what are some recommended activities for exercise for blind?
Wrestling, tumbling, gymnastics, bowling, swimming, weight training, judo, dart throwing, dance, roller skating, ice skating, shuffleboard, horseback riding, tandem cycling, hiking, camping, fishing, rowing, water-skiing, surfing
how can a non-sighted person play bowling or dart through wing, which sense would they rely on
proprioception
what does lack of regular vig activity cause
predisposes VI children and adolescents to future hypokinetic diseases (hypertension, CAD, etc.)
blind kids met normal standards
false, many were below stNDARDS
what are the effects of exercise training on blind
↑ cardiovascular fitness + ↓ obesity
↑ balance skills + ↑ spatial orientation
↑ self-image + ↑ confidence
how can you increase spacial orientation
Practice walking a straight line
Practice walking different floor patterns
Take a short walk and find the way back
Following instructions, try to make ¼, ½, ¾, and full turns
what is the required equipment for goal ball
bell ball
how many players per team in goal ball
3 players per team
what is the personal equipment of goal ball
helmets, knee , elbow pads and blindfolds
why do they need to wear blindfold in goal ball
to eliminate residual vision
is the ball allowed to bounce in goal ball
Ball may bounce, but must be rolling before it reaches the opponents throwing area or it becomes an infraction
what body positions can you stop the ball with in goal ball
standing, kneeling, lying position to stop the ball
what type of ball do they use in beep baseball
regulation softball with battery sound device
what are the bases in beep baseball
48 inches tall with electronic buzzer in each
true or false: the bases in beep baseball dont have a sound
false
what are the members of the team in beep baseball
A team has 6 blindfolded players and 2 sighted players who act as pitcher and catcher and as spotter
what is fair ball in beep baseball
Fair ball – umpire designates which one of the two buzzing bases shall be activated
how do the umpires decide which base to go to
the base with less people (prevent collisions)
how do you get a point in beep baseball
get to base before the ball is catched
true or false: in beep baseball you need to through the ball to the base
no , just need to catch it
how is a run scored in beep baseball
Run is scored if the batter gets to the designated base before the ball is fielded
the spotters in beep baseball are blind or sighted
sighted
true or false: the spotters are allowed to catch
false they can only guide
what are the two types of retina cells
cones and rods
what does the increase in fluid pressure inside the eye destroys
optic nerve
during exercise, what type of verbal instruction is needed
precise verbal instruction (state your name)
true or false: sight is not required for many sports
true
in the study for VI vs fitness level, who were the participants
results from 20 children with VI aged from 4-18
what was the location of the VI vs fitness level study
Montreal association for the blind
for the VI vs fitness level study, what was the baseline PA for the participants
subjects were attending 2 30 minute periods of PA per week (ie: yoga, callisthenics, locomotor activities)
what was the results for body fat in the VI vs fitness level study
most kids who were blind has an excess amount of body fat in comparison to normal values
what was the results for grip strength in the VI vs fitness level study
those with VI were not able to have a lot of grip strength
=most fell below the normal grip strength values
what was the results for max o2 consumption in the VI vs fitness level study
none of the participants were able to reach the average value of 45ml;kg for oxygen consumption
=lower max oxygen consumption
what was the results for heart rate in the VI vs fitness level study
Subjects were consistently unable to attain the age-predicted maximal heart rate (220-age)
