lecture 14: aging and fragility Flashcards
1
Q
At what age is someone considered a senior?
A
65 (age of retirement, avitve and healthy for logner)
2
Q
what is the oldest player female soccer player in south africa
A
84
3
Q
true or false: Canada has now more children than senior>
A
false
Canada has now more seniors than children
4
Q
1 in how many canadians is at least 65
A
1/6
5
Q
what percentage of the canadian population is seniro
A
16%
6
Q
if current trends continuem it is estimated that seniours will outnumber what age group
A
children
7
Q
if current trends continuem it is estimated that seniours will outnumber children by a factor of what
A
3:2 in 20 years time
8
Q
true or false: the canadiann population is aging
A
true
9
Q
whatt is the median age of the canadian population
A
40
10
Q
what was the percentage of seniors as % of total popluation in 1921
A
5%
11
Q
what was the percentage of seniors as % of total popluation in 2041
A
22%
12
Q
THE percentage of people with a disability increases or decreases with age
A
increases
13
Q
what is tthe relationnship bettwteen chronic conditions and age
A
linear relationshio
as age increases, risk of having a chronic condition increases
14
Q
What is the most common condition found among the elderly?
A
arthritis
15
Q
what are the 7 chronic conditions of candian seniors in order
A
1) arthritis
2) high bp
3) allegies
4) back probs
5) heart disease
6) cataractts
7) diabetes
16
Q
since arthritis is the number one conditions, seniors can only be affected by that onne condition?
A
no , some older adutls have more than one condition (ex: stroke and high bP)
17
Q
in what age group is frailiy usually found
A
TYPICALLy found in eldrenly adults over 65 years old
18
Q
what is frailty
A
Acceleration in physical & cognitive decline due to aging
19
Q
tthe diagonsis of frailty are based on what 5 medical defintions
A
Muscle weakness – ↓ physical activity – ↓ walking speed – Physical exhaustion – Unintentional weight ↓
20
Q
true or false: seniors usually prsent weith all of the following elements Muscle weakness – ↓ physical activity – ↓ walking speed – Physical exhaustion – Unintentional weight ↓
A
true
21
Q
what is the holistic definnitionnn of frailty
A
Holistic Definition: ↑ vulnerability to internal and external stressors (due to ↓ physiological reserves)
22
Q
what is allostatic load
A
Allostatic load refers to the long-term effects of continued exposure to chronic stress on the body
23
Q
what are some examples of external stressors
A
job bills life changes (change house) pollution relationshios (lose a partner)
24
Q
what are some examples of internal stressors
A
lack of sleep illness fear poor nutrionn physical strain
25
what are some of the long term effects of allostatic load
```
anxiety
depression
hyperetnsion
autoimmunte
disease
```
26
is fraility a preventable conndition?
yes
27
what are some ways to prvent frailty in seniors
excerise
nutrion
socialization
28
true or false: socialization does not help prevent frailtty in seniors
false, it does
29
what is sarcopenia
age related loss of skeletal muscle mass. associated with physiological and functional vulnerability
30
sarcopenia is an age related loss of BLANK
muscle mass
31
true or false: sarcopenia is age related loss of muscle elasticity
false, jmsucle mass
32
what is osteopenia
Age-related loss of bone mineral density
| Associated with ↑ risk for osteoporosis
33
osteopenia is associated wiht increase risk of what
osteoporosis
34
what are balancce disordewrs
Disturbance that causes an individual to feel unsteady, or
| have a sensation of movement (ex: spinning) when standing or lying down
35
what can balance disorders be caused by
– Can be caused by certain health conditions (ex: high BP), medications, or a problem in the inner ear or the brain
36
explain the nutritioanal problems in the elderly
– Elderly sometimes lose their appetites, and do not eat correctly
– They may not feel like eating or are simply lonely. They may not have the energy or are on limited budgets
37
which individual is more liekely to suffer from sarcopenia
| 87 idnependant walker or 87 ambularotry with wheelcahri
ambulatory with wheelchair
38
what is the peak vo2 for ahtletic young adults
45
39
what is the peak vo2 for atheltic older adults
35
40
what is the vo2 peak for sedentary older adults
24
41
what is the vo2 max for frail older adults
14
42
qhat is the vo2 needed for ADLS
15
43
frail older adutls have a vo2 max of 14 which makes it diffucult to do what
adls
44
there are physiological cahanges to the cardiovascular system assocaited with aging, what are the changes in functtion
- ↓ VO2 peak and Max HR
| - ↑ Resting and Exercise BP
45
65 year old men face a decrease in what eprcentage of muscle strength
20%
46
65 year old women face a decrease in what eprcentage of muscle strength
20-50%
| Loss of estrogen
47
there are physiological changes in the musculosketal system associated with aging, what are the chagnes in function
↓ Musc Strength, Flexibility,
| Balance and Muscle Mass
48
in the nervous system, is there a decrease in nerve condution>
yes, in aging, there is a decrease in nerve conduction by 20% because of neurolnal degenration
49
why is there a decrease in nerve condution by 20% in aging
because of neuoral degeneration
50
there are physiological changes in the nervous system associated with aging, what are the chagnes in function
- ↑ Time of reaction (↓ conduction speed by 20%)
| - ↓ Sensory System
51
in aging, is there a decrease in basal metabolic rate?
yes
52
since there is a decrease in basal metabolic rate in aging, what does tthat icrease the risk of
icnrease the risk of diabettes
53
there are physiological changes in the metabolic system associated with aging, what are the chagnes in function
↓ Basal Metabolic Rate and Lean Body Mass
↑ Body Fat
54
Which of these variables has showed the strongest correlation with the risk of falls in older adults?
a) ↑ time of reaction b) ↓ musc strength c) ↓ flexibility d) ↓VO2 peak
increase time of reaction
55
what is the variable that showed the sttrongest correlationn with the risk of falls in older adults
increase time of reaction
56
Which training mode can
| decrease the risk of reaching the disability threshold?
strenght training
57
throughout life, there is a range of muscle mass and strength between indivdiausl, but where do you not want to be under
the disability threshold
58
if you are below the disability threshold, you become dependatn in what
adls
59
what are the postural changes assocaited with frail older adults
* Forward head position
* Rounded Shoulders
* Kyphosis (rounded back)
* Knee flexion
* Progressive:
60
what condition presends with similar postural changes with frail older adults
parkinsons
61
what are the gait changes in olders adults
Decreased velocity (= speed)
Decreased step length
Decreased step rate (cadence)
Decreased swing phase (time)
Increased stance phase (time)
Decreased hip, knee, ankle flexion
Decreased power generation at
push-off
62
witth gait changes in older adults, is there decrease or increase velocity
decreased velocitty
63
witth gait changes in older adults, is there decreased or increased step length
decreaed
64
witth gait changes in older adults, is there decreased or increased step rate (cadence)
decrease
65
what is another name for step rate
cadence
66
witth gait changes in older adults, is there an increased or decrased swing phase time
decreased
67
witth gait changes in older adults, is there an icnreased or decresed stance phase time
increased
68
witth gait changes in older adults, is there decreased or increased hip, knee and ankle flexion
decreased
69
witth gait changes in older adults, is there decrease or increased power generation at push off
decrease
70
witth gait changes in older adults, there is a decrease in what joint movements
decrease hip, knee and ankle flexion
71
where does power generation and push off come from
planar flexion or gastroc and soleus
72
what is stance phase
the amount of time with both feet on the grond
73
what is the mode for aerobic exercise frail seniors
large muscle activties (walking, chair exercise, cycling, swimming)
74
what is the mode for strength exercise frail seniors
low level
progressive ressitnsce exercise
free weights,machines, isokinetic machones
75
what is the mode for flexibility exercise frail seniors
stretching
76
what is the mode for neuromuscular exercise frail seniors
one foot stand, tandem gait, balance exercises
77
what is the goal for aerobic exercise frail seniors
increased functional capacity and independnce
| incrnease CV fitness
78
what is the goal for strength exercise frail seniors
PREVENT OF REVERSE FRAILITY
| icnrease overall muscular strength and endurance and mobility
79
what is the goal for flexiblity exercise frail seniors
PREVENT INJRY (EX; FROZEN SHOULDER)
maintain or icrease ROM
80
what is the goal for neuromuscular exercise frail seniors
PREVENT FALLS
incnrease balance and coordiantion
decrease time of reaction
81
what is the MAIN goal for aerobic exercise frail seniors
increase functionnal capacity and independance
82
what is the MAIN goal for sttrength exercise frail seniors
prevennt or reverse fraility
83
what is the MAIN goal for flexibilty exercise frail seniors
prevent injury (ex: frozen shoulderr)
84
what is the MAIN goal for neuromuscular exercise frail seniors
prevent falls
85
what are the recommendation (FITT) for aerobit for frail seniors
* Intensity: RPE ≈9-11 (LIGHT)
* Frequency: 3-5 days/week
* Duration: 30 min/session (OR BROKEN DOWN)
* Allow rest periods
86
what are the recommendation (FITT) for srtength for frail seniors
```
• Start program without weight:
add weight slowly
• 10-15 reps for 3 sets
• 3 days/week
• ± 20 min/session
```
87
what are the recommendation (FITT) for flexibility for frail seniors
* Stretches sustained for 10 to 30 sec (3 to 5 reps)
| * 2-3 times/week
88
what are the recommendation (FITT) for neuromuscular for frail seniors
* 2-3 times/week
| * Reduce and/or distract vision during exercises
