Lecture 4 Flashcards
1
Q
High yielding dairy cow produces how many litres/day?
A
30 litres/day
2
Q
Twin suckling ewe where the lambs are
expected to gain at ?/day
What is the lamb working to a metabolic level in terms of a dairy cow?
A
325g/day
High yielding dairy cow producing
30 litres/day
3
Q
How much is a Twin suckling ewe where the lambs are
expected to gain per week?
A
2.25kg per week
4
Q
Approximate Voluntary Intake (kg/ewe/d) of 60 kg Ewe in
Relation to the Various Stages of Production
1-Dry or first 3 months of pregnancy»_space;»
2- Last 2 months of pregnancy»_space;»»»>
3- Lactation»_space;»»»»»»»»»»>
A
1- 1.5
2- 1.8
3- 2.5
5
Q
What does DMI define?
A
The amount of nutrients the animal is consuming , the DM the animal consumes is simply the carrier of the nutrients the animal is getting
6
Q
What does a DMI depend on ?
A
The physiological state of the animal
7
Q
DMI varies from about ??% of body weight but
it can go higher when?
A
2-4
in some ewes in lactation
8
Q
how many weeks is the ewe working the hardest?
A
last 7 weeks of pregnancy and the first 7 weeks of lactation
9
Q
When is there a Decline in Voluntary Intake?
A
1-2 weeks before lambing, late preg is a really high risk period for the ewe. Many metabolic diseases happen at this time it is due to the physical capacity of the ewe the lambs are growing and its due to the ewe rumen being pushed on
10
Q
In lactation what % intake does the ewe have?
A
30-50% higher intake in lactation compared to pre lambing 1-2 weeks pre lambing
11
Q
eNERGY OF EWE PEAKS
A
3-5 weeks post partum
12
Q
(3) What is taking place in the ewe in the first month at mating
A
Ovulation, conception and embryotic implantation
13
Q
In the ovary of the lams what is taking place slide 5
A
Primary faliculate development is taking place
14
Q
Look at slide 5
A
15
Q
Whats early preg all about?
A
embryo implantation
16
Q
Mid preg
A
Placenta developemnt
17
Q
Late preg
A
Foetal growth
18
Q
When is vascular development complete?
When is foetal growth developed?
A
Complete by mid preg
Vascular development completed day 120
Fealat weight of ewe is completed from day 90-120 but contunues until lambing
19
Q
What does the placenta do?
A
The placenta is the organ that transfers nutrients and toxins from the embryo to the ewe and the ewe to the embryo
20
Q
Cotyledon: what is it?
A
Foetal side of the placentome
21
Q
Caruncle: what is it?
A
Maternal side of the placentome
22
Q
Placentome: what is it?
A
a cotyledon and a caruncle
together
23
Q
Sheep contain ?? to ?? placentomes
A
75- 125
More placentomes= more lambs and higher weight at birth
24
Q
Why are twin lambs uneven at birth?
A
the ewe was preg with triplets at one stage, one fetus was lost and the sheeps eutrous have fewer caruncle available to the lambs that was sharing the same side of the placenta
25
Pregnancy – month -1
its about maintaining body weight and the same plane of nut from mating until the first month of preg. don't disturb animals
If ewes in good condition, maintain
body weight
* Good grass required
Do not disturb:
o No foot care
o No vaccination
o No dipping if possible
* Use raddle/crayon
Embryo plantation takes place day 18 post mating
26
What happens if we feed animals high in month 1 preg
If we feed animals at a higher rate , clears prog from system more quickly and reduces the likelihood of maintaining preg
When should preg scanning take place?
27
Pregnancy -- months 2 & 3
* Maintain body weight key period for
placental develop !
* Fertile rams out -- week 5/6
* Winter shearing > shear week 10
* Pregnancy scanning > 70 days
* Feed on Scan Results/Body Condition
28
Why would you preg scan?
To feed on results of the scanning report . A triplet= higher feed requirement so only scan if you are gonna split herd based on scanning results
29
When should you preg scan?
What flocks is it best suited to?
(1) WHEN? -- 50 - 90 days
(2) BEST SUITED TO FLOCKS:-
(i) litter size 1.2 - 1.7
(ii) under 1.2 feed as singles and
(iii) over 1.7 feed as multiples
(iv) high barrenness
(v) ewe lambs
(3) DOUBTFUL USE IN:-
(i) Shorn prolific flock -- feed on BCS
(ii) Hill ewes
(iii) Where groups can not be sub-divided
(4) WHY PREGNANCY SCAN ??
(i) Satisfy a curiosity --- impatience !
(ii) Feed on basis of results
(iii) Group ewes to aid fostering
30
Lyons
Over winter, carring outdoors on catch crops and produce whole crop silage and then carry sheep after this is harvested in the area , no longer winter sheering
31
Why would you winter sheer?
Advantages and disadvantages
Biggest disadvantage= you have to house them
Benefits= Birth heiver lambs, the ambs will increase by half a kilo. Ewes eat more roughage.
If It cold, and ewes will eat more to keep warm.
When ewes are all wool = increased heat stress
Generation length 'increases' by 2 days, less sheat stress and you can fit more ewes into the shed.
32
If you put ewes into shed in late preg what happens to the ewe
Reduced gestation of 2 days. fully fleeces sheep will lamb on average 145 days.
33
Winter Shearing of Ewes Advantages of Winter Shearing
1. Heavier lambs >>>>>>>>>>>> up to 0.5 kg heavier
2. Ewes eat more roughage >>>>> 10-20%
3. Gestation length >>>>>>>>>> + 2 days
4. Fit more ewes in shed >>>>>>> 20% ?
34
Winter Shearing of Ewes Disadvantages of Winter Shearing
1. First winter shearing > >>>>>>>fleece difficult to roll
2. Possibility of bald ewes >>>>>> wool slip (cortisol)
3. Mis-mothering in bad weather ??
4. Ewes more difficult to catch
35
Why is ewes shorn higher lamb birth?
slightly higher nutrient uptake by ewe, longer gestation length, more growth in foetus
36
When is most birthweight laid down?
What does this place?
Why would you get sheep dying?
3/4 of final birthweight is laid down in last 2 months before lambing
Nut and physical stress on animal.
Sheep are really a prey in nature, they have become really good at signs of illness and pain. Biggest risk of ewe last 4 weeks of preg and first 2 weeks of lact= under metabolic disease some nut imbalance in animal. but we can manage to prevent these conditions by getting our management and nut right
37
Goals of late preg nut management:
* Meet energy and protein requirements!!!
* Meet mineral and vitamin requirements
* Maintain mid pregnancy BCS
* Have ewes which survive pregnancy
* Avoid metabolic diseases
* Avoid prolapse
* Produce ‘good sized lambs’
* Minimise lamb mortality
* Timely production of sufficient colostrum
* Have ewes which milk well afterwards
* Good lamb growth rates
38
When do you want the ewe to utilise own body reserves?
We want to have the ewe utiliseing some of the body reserve in early lact but you dont want them utilisng in late preg.
39
Single
Twin
Trip
lamb weight targets
6 kilo single
5.5 kilo for twin
4.5-5 kilos for trip
40
Lamb Mortality key target?
<8%
41
In a breeding flock whats your output?
output = meat
42
Ewe mortality, key targets
<2%
43
Colostrum production per lamb key targets
1 litre per lamb in 24 h
Each lamb requires this amount!
44
Lamb growth rate to weaning key targets
275 grams per day
45
How does ewe mortality occur? (5)
* Twin lamb disease
* Hypocalcaemia (Milk fever)
* Acidosis
* Listeriosis
* Prolapse??
46
Twin lamb disease? whats other names for it and also what is the occurrence due to?
Ketosis in dairy cow, pregnency toxcemia
Energy intake is below the energy req
Excessive breakdown of body fat,
Ketones in lactation
Poisonous
Last week before she gives birth is when it occurs.
Energy demand goes up and energy decreases- very difficult to treat, best hope is the ewe gets birth. Is shes very valuable maybe a section but death from twin lamb disease is very high
47
Hypocalcaemia
Sheep it can occur in late preg due to big demand for calcium in late lambing
48
Sub clinical acidosis
Predisposing the ewe to issued like prolapse, hypocalcemia
49
How does listeriosis occur?
Contamination of silage
50
What are the different types of prolapse
Animals suffering from it will more likely suffer again
3 types : vag
uterine
rectinal/ intestinal
Uterine only occurs after the ewe gives birth
More likely to occur when theirs an age restriction in the ewe
51
Whats Challenges to the lamb?
No Transfer of antibodies from ewe to lamb, lamb is susceptible to disease
Our immune system doesn't develop under 2-3 weeks postpartum; that's why we vaccinate in late pregnancy. They are reliant on the colostrum production from the ewe.
52
Lamb mortality % of total losses how much occurs at birth?
half immediately after birth 24-48 hours
53
When does lambing losses occur?
- At lambing the highest 1/2.
-2-14 days post lambing
->15 days post lambing
-Between scanning and lambing ( abortions )
54
Achievable live weight gain from
artificially reared triplet lambs
A lot can go wrong in new born lamb
Huge capacity for twin lambs to grow. They will have the slowest growth rates but that's a link to how their managed.
55
Effects of size on lamb mortality
What has a significant effect on lamb mortality?
Mortality for lambs %
Single
Twins
Triplets
Quads
Litter size!
Single 6%
Twins 7%
Triplets 31%
Quads 28%
56
Small lambs in larger litter sizes issues:
Suffer from hyperthermia, poor colostrum supply post lambing.
57
As birth weight increases?? Slide 27
As birth weight increases total lamb mortality decreases.
Larger lambs are more difficult for the ewe to give birth to.
58
Increased lambing difficulty labour req and lamb mortality are associated with lambs born :
Increased 3.5kg
Greater then 7kg
59
look at the bar chart with mortality
What are the 3 ways that animals die?
Exposure , starvation , hypertermia
Due to inceftious diseases in the 2-14 days post lambing death
60
What do we need to know on your farm?
Ewe live weight
Litter size- In flocks of high prolific
Silage quality - get a test to see DMD
When we dont know we guess and we over estimate the quality of our silage
Need to know the approx lambing date.
61
slide 30
62
Steaming up – Why? 4 reasons
* Produce STRONG and HEALTHY lambs
* Prevent TWIN LAMB disease
* Have ewes that MILK WELL after lambing
High Lamb Growth Rates
63
What is steaming up ?
Increase plane of nut in late preg = steaming up.
Want to achieve high growth rates of lambing , milk well etc.
64
Lamb birth weight on Teagasc Better
Farms slide 33 , 4 different farms have a look at ?
65
Sources of variation in lamb birth weight? 4 reasons
30% of variation come from materinal environmental scenario- how we feed the ewe
20% lamb genetic
15% maternal genetic
35% other sources
66
What do we do a really poor job of?
Producing silage
Roughage quality
(a) Intake
(b) Energy and protein contribution
(c) What is deficient in roughage
ii) Pregnancy scanning and feeding in relation to foetal
numbers rather than “Good Feeding Programme” >
ewes fit at lambing
(iii) Increased protein in last TWO weeks – Excess ??
67
Good quality silage energy supply per kilo=
Poor quality silage energy supply=
0.75 UFL
0.45 UFL
68
What's deficient in our feed in Ireland
Energy !! from our feed
69
You can overfeed as well as underfeed!
(a) Energy – “Fatty liver syndrome” --- Prolapse
(b) Protein – waste of energy
Re do this slide
slide 35
if your forage is good quality and you feeding a modest quality ration - issue can arise 2 weeks pre preg , can we over feed protein ? yes but woulent worry too much about it.
70
Can you over feed ewes?
What happens ?
Yes - Fatty liver syndrome access energy stored in the liver .
Fat ewes slower to produce milk because fat ewes store excess fat in mammary gland
71
How do i feed ewes durin late preg?
7 week rule:
Sart feeding conc 7 weeks before predicted lambing date.
Start at 100 grams / ewe/day
each week increase daily feeding rate by 10 grams
and just before lambing you feeding 700 grams/ day
72
Animal Nutritional Requirements
(In order of decreasing importance)
(5)
* Air
* Water
* Energy
* Protein
* Minerals/Vitamins
Most conc and energy is meet by cereal grains
73
Flat vs Stepped Rate Concentrate Supplementation
Flat rate concentrate supplementation suitable when:
(a) Ewes in good condition
but NOT suitable when
(b) Ewes in poor condition coming up to lambing
or
(c) Roughage quality poor
74
Stepped programme
and
Flat programme
Matched closer to the animals energy requirements
Excess feeding at start, under feeding at end.
75
When is flat rate conc suitable ?
Ewes in good condition
but not suitable when
(b) Ewes in poor condition coming up to lambing
or
(c) Roughage quality poor
76
What % less will triplet bearing ewe eat
triplet bearing ewe will eat 15% less forage so when we supplement ewes in late preg
77
Silage intake in late pregnancy:
Single bearing ewes
Twin bearing
Triplet bearing
Intake index
100
98
85
78
Issues with straw:
Straw supplies low protein and no protein 4-5% but it does:
Support rumen function
As feeding conc- ensures no rumen acidosis occurs
79
Feeding Inferior Quality Diet in Late
Pregnancy (6)
*Weaker lambs born that need more care
*Higher lamb mortality
*Lower ewe milk supply:-
- milk slower to come and
- the quantity will be less
*Poor “mothering up” instincts in the ewe
*Lower lamb growth rate
*Higher incidence of prolapse
80
Concentrates Only to Housed Pregnant Ewes
(70 kg ewe: concentrates:
Advantages:
In final 3-4 weeks, increase CP to ?%.
11 MJ/kg as fed
Less work & less straw required
Can give exact requirements
18%
81
Offering conc. two or three times vs once/d (4)
* 25% increase in silage DMI
* Improved metabolic status of ewes
* The highest increase (28%) in total DMI was
when silage and conc. offered as complete diet
* Increased response to twice per day feeding as
concentrate level increases
82
TMR what does it provide?
A balanced level of nut for the ewe
83
Roughage Quality vs Concentrate Level
At least a €?? saving by feeding a decent quality roughage
€3-5
84
How much is 70-75 DMD silage cost/ewe and whats the conc req? Slide 46
Cost/ewe 4.20
Conc req in preg 14kg
85
If ewes are overfat:
(3)
Slow downs metabolism
Places physical stress on the rumen.
Animals over fed in mid preg will have a reduced capacity in late preg
86
Other Factors Affecting Silage Intake
Intake influenced by: (4)
(a) Cutting date
(b) Fermentation
(c) Chop length
(d) Intake inversely related to length of ensilage
period
87
slide 49 point 2
Do not restrict silage/hay intake in group feeding. Min. of
150 mm (6 in).
88
Intake inversely related to length of ensilage
period, during which: (2)
(i) Increased: Buffering capacity, Osmolarity and the concentrations of
Soluble N, Ammonia, Lactic Acid & Volatile Acids
(ii) Decreased: pH and Water Soluble Carbohydrates
89
Restricted. conc feed space
> 450-500 mm. Where restricted
concentrate or roughage feeding is necessary (scarce
supply) >> have enough trough space
90
What should you not feed
Do not feed poor quality silage -- clay contamination
increases Listeriosis risks
91
Feeding big bale silage reduces:
intake by 20-25%, due to
the longer fibre length.
92
More urine with silage feeding=
more bedding and more
Footrot unless watched.
93
Feed ?? g Mins/Vits/day even if concentrates not
required with roughage
15-25
94
Introduce concentrates gradually so that...
the rumen microbes can adjust to
the "new" environment minimising any slowing down in the digestion process
95
Even a change from hay to silage it takes the rumen ? days to adopt
10-14 days
96
Concentrates should normally not make up more than ??% of the DM intake!
and feed at the same time each day (Max. ?? kg/feed !)
50
0.5 kg/feed
97
Do not do anything that will interfere with the proper functioning of the
rumen –Why?
AT ANY ONE TIME THERE IS ONLY ENOUGH CIRCULATING
GLUCOSE AND SOME OTHER NUTRIENTS e.g. Ca & P TO MEET THE
LAMB’S REQUIREMENTS FOR 1 HOUR IN LATE PREGNANCY
98
Pregnancy Toxaemia ...........
Hypocalcaemia
99
Good Ewe Feeding in Pregnancy
Read this
a) Ewe lambs down in “ship shape”
(b) More likely to have vigorous lambs
(c) Ewe vigorously licks and grooms the lambs
(d) In this way – lambs stand and suck more quickly
(e) Ewe will have more colostrum and lambs drink
more
(f) Less chance of E. coli scour/Watery mouth or suffer
from cold (hypothermia)
100
Look at the diagram on slide 52
101
Energy Requirements (approx.) &
DM Intake in Pregnancy
Weeks pre lambing :
8 weeks
6 weeks
4 weeks
2 weeks
0 weeks
Tell me the energy required (MJ/d)
8 weeks- 10 MJ/d
6 weeks- 12 MJ/d
4 weeks- 14 MJ/d
2 weeks- 15 MJ/d
0 weeks- 16-18 MJ/d
102
Energy Requirements (approx.) &
DM Intake in Pregnancy
Weeks pre lambing :
8 weeks
6 weeks
4 weeks
2 weeks
0 weeks
Tell me DM intake (kg/ewe/d)
8 weeks- 1.8
6 weeks- 1.7
4 weeks- 1.6
2 weeks- 1.5
0 weeks- 1.3
103
whats the C. protein requirements: Approx.
200g
104
Conflict between energy requirements and
DMI in late pregnancy (twin ewe) explain it:
ME req increases in late preg but DMI decreases in late preg
105
The effect of live weight on the energy
requirements of a twin bearing ewe comparing a 60kg and an 80kg ewe:
60 kg - 80 kg
4MJ ME or 0.38 UFL in the difference
106
Whats the ewes Requirements? when preg? (3)
* Ewe maintenance requirements
* Developing lambs in the uterus- last 2
months
* Requirements for udder development and
milk production
107
Maintenance requirements is dependent on the weight of the ewe, what is the MJ ME of a:
1- 60kg ewe
2- 70kg ewe
3- 80kg ewe
1- 9.1 MJ ME
2- 10.2 MJ ME
3- 11.2 MJ ME
108
Is:
60kg ewe =9.1 MJ ME
70kg ewe = 10.2 MJ ME
80kg ewe = 11.2 MJ ME
Achievable with average quality silage in late preg?
Yes it can be
109
ME Requirements for Foetal Growth
(MJ of ME/kg Birthweight)
Requires about ??kg
concentrates to meet
0.922 MJ of ME/kg Birthweight requirement
alone
(This occurs in late gestation)
¾ kg conc
110
Why is protein important and especially specific types of protein ?
Protein quality is important, especially in the last
few weeks of pregnancy and into lactation.
The ewe can only utilise a limited amount of
Degradable Protein
111
What must additional protein be?
What's the best protein source?
What's the poorest protein source ?
*Additional protein must be Undegradable
*Soya bean best and linseed are intermediate
*Poorest include: groundnut, cotton seed and
sunflower
112
What has a significant effect on colostrum yield?
Protein
113
Yield increases up to about ???g CP/ewe/d
180
114
When is added protein needed?
Added protein not needed until the final 2-3 weeks
115
In most of our experiments, increasing CP ...
increased DMI
116
What is Low/variable colostrum yield often associated with?
protein deficiency in quantity or quality especially with hay fed ewes
117
CP Needs:
* ??g for maternal maintenance
* ??g for pregnancy
* ??g from protein source of Low Degradability
for what?
100 grams
90 grams
113 grams from protein source of Low Degradability
for udder development and its secretions
118
PDI requirements of the ewe
* Maintenance
= 2.5g/kg LW0.75
119
PDI requirements of the ewe: lactation
(req per litre)
– = 1.72 x Protein(g/l)
120
PDI (g PDI/day) Requirements of
70kg Twin-bearing Ewes
Weeks pre-lambing:
5-6
3-4
1-2
What is the PDI/Day (g)??
5-6: 100 grams
3-4: 133 grams
1-2: 150 grams
121
Oil / Fat what % of added fat is acceptable?
What should additional fat be ?
When should you avoid adding fat as?
* 2% added fat is acceptable
* Additional fat must be protected
* Avoid adding fat as a substitute for poor
quality ingredients
122
** Adding just ??% fat will raise the ME content of
the concentrate by about 0.4 MJ/kg
2%
123
When should you avoid adding fat to the diet?
Avoid adding fat to the diet of intensively fed lambs
124
What is the Head space requirements for a large ewe (70-90kg) and a small ewe (50-70kg)
when feeding concentrates ?
large ewe (70-90kg)
500 mm
20 inches
small ewe (50-70kg)
450 mm
18 inches
125
What is the Head space requirements for a large ewe (70-90kg) and a small ewe (50-70kg)
when feeding restricted forage?
large ewe (70-90kg)
250 mm
10 inches
small ewe (50-70kg)
200 mm
8 inches
126
What is the Head space requirements for a large ewe (70-90kg) and a small ewe (50-70kg)
when feeding ad lib forage?
large ewe (70-90kg)
150 mm
6 inches
small ewe (50-70kg)
150 mm
6 inches
(the same )
127
What are the Silage feeding principles?
What will average to good quality silage will supply ?
8 of them so read them
* Test your silage
* Average to good quality silage will supply about 1
kg of DM or 10.5 MJ ME in late pregnancy
* Higher intakes achievable with higher quality
* Sheep are very particular when it comes to silage
* Avoid ewes becoming overfat in mid-pregnancy
* (non-chopped) bale silage reduces intake by 25%
* Observe at feeding time
* Manage concentrate feeding so as not to upset
rumen function
128
Range of baled silage quality from
Teagasc better sheep farms, 2017 whats the
-Average
-Worst
-Best
DM%?
-Average 37.9
-Worst 20.9
-Best 59.4
129
What are good sources conc?
Cereals
Pulps
Soyabean meal
Distillers grains
Peas and beans
Molasses
Oil
130
What are moderate sources of conc?
Maize gluten
Soya Hulls
Rapeseed meal
131
What are poor sources of conc?
Pollard/wheatfeed
Sunflower meal
Oatfeed
Cottonseed meal
132
What happens if we get the diet wrong? (3)
* Energy deficiency
– Twin lamb disease, poor milk yield, low birth weight lambs
* Protein deficiency
– Reduced feed intake, reduced quantity and quality
colostrum
* Mineral deficiency
– Calcium: Milk fever (ewe)
– Iodine: reduced heat production (lamb)
– Copper: Swayback (lamb)
– Selenium/Vitamin E: Reduced lamb vigour (lamb)
– Cobalt: reduced lamb vigour (issue at mating)
