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Block 1: Histology > Lecture 4 > Flashcards

Lecture 4 Flashcards

1
Q

Central Nervous System includes?

A

Brain, Spinal Cord, and Neural Portions of the Eye

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2
Q

Peripheral Nervous System consists of?

A

Peripheral Nerves, Nerve Endings, and Peripheral Nerve Ganglia

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3
Q

CNS and PNS both include same?

A

2 basic cell types: neurons and glia/supporting cells

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4
Q

Glia are?

A

Supporting cells of the Nervous System

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5
Q

Neuroglia in PNS?

A

-Schwann
-Satellite

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6
Q

Neuroglia in CNS?

A

-Astrocytes
-Oligodendrocytes
-Microglia
-Ependymal cells

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7
Q

Nourish and Protect Neurons?

A

Astrocytes

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8
Q

Immune Cells (Macrophages)?

A

Microglia

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9
Q

Epithelial-like?

A

Ependymal Cells

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10
Q

CAMEO?

A

CNS Cells (Cns, Astrocytes, Microglia, Ependymal cells, Oligodendrocytes)

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11
Q

PSS

A

PNS Cells (Pns, Schwann, Satellite)

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12
Q

(Pseudo) Unipolar Neuron?

A

-Only 1 axon (but looks like 2)
-Sensory ganglia of cranial and spinal nerves

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13
Q

Bipolar Neuron?

A

-2 axons (2 processes)
-Sensory Structures (retina, olfactory epithelium, vestibular and auditory systems)

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14
Q

Multipolar Neuron?

A

-Multiple axons
-Found in cerebral cortex as pyramidal cells
-Found in cerebellar cortex as Purkinje cells

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15
Q

What is the order of the Cerebellar Cortex layers? (top to bottom)

A

-Molecular Layer
-Purkinje Cell Layer
-Granule Cell Layer

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16
Q

Kinesin and Dynein?

A

Axonal Cytoskeleton and Motor Proteins along axon microtubule

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17
Q

Kinesin mediates?

A

Anterograde (away from cell body)

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18
Q

Dynein mediates?

A

Retrograde (towards cell body from terminal end of axon)

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19
Q

Retrograde Transport?

A

Potential entry of harmful substances

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20
Q

Tau Protein?

A

-Stabilization and assembly of microtubule
-Vesicles transport
-Phosphorylation dependent
-Phosphotau and total Tau in CSF as predicting markers

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21
Q

In Alzheimer’s disease we have?

A

Dysfunctional Tau proteins and have nothing to stabilize microtubule and it’ll just break down

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22
Q

Astrocytes can be found in?

A

Grey and White Matter

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23
Q

Oligodendrocytes can be found in?

A

Only White Matter

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24
Q

Function of Astrocytes?

A

1) Nourishment, Maintenance and Protection of Neurons
2) Contribution to BBB
3) Metabolism of Neurotransmitters
4) Reservoir of Glycogen in Brain
5) Index of CNS toxicity

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25
Q

GFAP?

A

-Marker of astrocyte activation
-Type 3 Intermediate Filament

26
Q

Microglia?

A

-Phagocytic cells, macrophages of CNS
-Primary Responders to injury of the Brain
-Immune Complexes (MHC II)

27
Q

Microglial cells and Astrocytes?

A

-Interact
-Microglia help to activate Astrocytes

28
Q

Oligodendrocytes?

A

-In CNS in white matter
-Synthesize myelin sheaths
-Wrap around axons of several CNS neurons
-Insulate axon and enhance speed of conduction

29
Q

Schwann Cells?

A

-In PNS, form myelin sheaths
-Wrap around a single axon

30
Q

Oligodendrocytes and Schwann Cells?

A

Basically do the exact same thing

31
Q

To get Oligodendrocytes you need?

A

Progenitor cell and have it in the presence of neurites

32
Q

Myelination of Schwann Cells vs. Oligodendrocytes?

A

-PNS has overlapping of Schwann Cells
-CNS has Astrocyte end foot contacting axon

33
Q

Myelinated and Unmyelinated Neurons in?

A

PNS

34
Q

Unmyelinated axons are only in?

A

PNS

35
Q

Multiple Sclerosis?

A

Microglia (CNS) attack MBP causing myelin to break down to unmyelinated axons

36
Q

MS is a?

A

Autoimmune inflammatory disorder associated with localized areas of demyelination in white matter of CNS

37
Q

White Matter?

A

Where axons are in the Brain and Spinal Cord

38
Q

Acute Inflammatory Demyelinating Polyneuropathy (AIDP) of PNS?

A

Most common form of Gullain-Barre Syndrome (GBS)

39
Q

GBS is with?

A

PNS (Schwann Cells)

40
Q

MS is with?

A

CNS (Microglia)

41
Q

GBS is caused by?

A

An autoimmune response directed against Schwann cell membranes (bacterial infection causes molecular mimicry)

42
Q

Blood-Brain Barrier is responsible for?

A

Separating circulating blood from fluid in the Brain where neurons are

43
Q

Blood-Brain Barrier is formed by?

A

Endothelial Cells with tight junctions and glial feet processes of Astrocytes

44
Q

Astrocytes participate in formation of the BBB by?

A

Inducing capillaries to form zonula occludes (tight junctions) limiting diffusion of small molecules

45
Q

Ependymal Cells?

A

(CNS)
-Epithelial-like cells of ependyma, lining the CSF filled ventricles
-Involved in absorbing CSF

46
Q

Ependymal Cells have 2 different modifications?

A

Cilia and Microvilli on the apical surface of the cell and can be modified to produce CSF

47
Q

3 different types of Nerves?

A

-Cranial
-Spinal
-Peripheral

48
Q

Pacinian corpuscle?

A

-Looks like an onion
-Krause’s end bulb
-Deep in Dermis
-Present in skin and in CT
-Sensitive to Pressure and Vibration

49
Q

Meissner’s corpuscle?

A

-Looks like a “football” type shape
-Ruffini’s corpuscle
-Closer to Epidermis
-Skin
-Edge Detection

50
Q

Ganglia?

A

Neuronal cell bodies in PNS

51
Q

Satellite cells surround?

A

Outer neuron soma surface

52
Q

Satellite cells are considerably?

A

Smaller than neuronal soma that they surround

53
Q

Cell Bodies (soma) of neurons in PNS are arrange in structures called?

A

Ganglia

54
Q

Ganglia provide?

A

-Electrical Insulation and pathway for metabolic exchanges
-Similar to Schwann cells but NO myelin production

55
Q

Wallerian Degeneration?

A

(PNS)
-Nerve fiber is cut of crushed
-Part of axon separates
-Degenerates distal (anterograde) to injury

56
Q

Nogo Protein?

A

Negative regulator of neuronal growth in CNS

57
Q

CNS has Nogo proteins which?

A

Impair growth cones

58
Q

PNS lacks?

A

Nogo proteins

59
Q

Nogo antibodies can?

A

Enhance axon elongation after spinal cord crush injuries

60
Q

Only see regeneration in?

A

PNS, because no Nogo proteins

Block 1: Histology (9 decks)

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