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Block 1: Histology > Lecture 2 (Revised) > Flashcards

Lecture 2 (Revised) Flashcards

1
Q

Every Cell Has?

A

-DNA Replication, DNA Transcription, and RNA Translation
-Plasma membrane (bi-layer)
-Organelles

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2
Q

DNA Replication, DNA Transcription, and RNA Translation results in?

A

Formation of proteins (cell structure + chemical processes)

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3
Q

Plasma membrane (bi-layer) consist of?

A

Phospholipids + Proteins + Cholesterol

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4
Q

Organelles?

A

Specialized structures that perform specific functions

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5
Q

Cell (Plasma) Membrane has?

A

-Phospholipids
-Cholesterol
-Glycoproteins
-Glycolipids

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6
Q

Phospholipids consists of?

A

Hydrophilic head + hydrophobic tail

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7
Q

What does Cholesterol do?

A

Maintains fluidity + increases stability

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8
Q

What do Glycoproteins do?

A

Provide shape, cell adhesion, signaling + transport

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9
Q

What do Glycolipids do?

A

Stabilize membrane structure

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10
Q

Organelles - Membrane Bound?

A

-Mitochondria
-rER
-sER
-Golgi Apparatus
-Lysosomes
-Endosomes
-Peroxisomes
-Transport Vesicles
-Nucleus

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11
Q

Mitochondria?

A

ATP Production

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12
Q

Rough ER?

A

Protein translation + polypeptide formation

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13
Q

Smooth ER?

A

Steroid hormone production + detox

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14
Q

Golgi Apparatus?

A

Protein modification + sorting

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15
Q

Lysosomes?

A

Enzymatic break-down of cellular material

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16
Q

Endosomes?

A

Transport extracellular material

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17
Q

Peroxisomes?

A

Degrade fatty acids

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18
Q

Nucleus?

A

Segregate DNA that gets transcribed into RNA

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19
Q

Mitochondria?

A

-Double Membrane
-Stained with Rhodamine 123
-Contains its own genome expressed by DNA/ ribosomes/ tRNA

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20
Q

More Cristae?

A

More ATP

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21
Q

What does Cristae do?

A

Increases surface area for increased formation of ATP

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22
Q

Mitochondria is stained with?

A

Rhodamine 123 (Immunocytochemical stain)

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23
Q

Endoplasmic Reticulum?

A

-Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum
-Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum

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24
Q

Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (rER)?

A

-Has ribosomes attached to it via mRNA
-Ribosomes needed for protein translation –> results in polypeptide

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25
Q

Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum (sER)?

A

-Does NOT have ribosomes attached to it
-Functions in the production of steroid hormones + detoxification –> thus sER found in gonads + liver

26
Q

Golgi Apparatus?

A

-Composed of a stack of Cisternae
-Protein modification + sorting

27
Q

Function of Golgi Apparatus?

A

-Protein modification + sorting
-Transport vesicles bring proteins to the golgi –> modifies them, then sorts/ re-packages them –> transfer vesicles ship proteins out to cell

28
Q

Tay-Sachs?

A

Lysosomal storage disease

29
Q

Function of Lysosomes?

A

Release of enzymes to break down cellular material

30
Q

Lysosomes?

A

-Release of enzymes to break down cellular material
-Residual body contains leftover material that couldn’t be broken down

31
Q

Endosomes?

A

-Vesicles formed by endocytosis
-Contain material from phagocytosis, pinocytosis, and receptor-mediated endocytosis

32
Q

Function of Peroxisomes?

A

Degrade fatty acids + toxins

33
Q

Peroxisomes?

A

-Degrade fatty acids + toxins
-Contain oxidases (enzymes needed for oxidation of organics)
-Energy release from oxidation is converted into heat (not ATP)

34
Q

Energy release from oxidation is converted into?

A

Heat

35
Q

Function of Nucleus?

A

Segregate DNA that gets transcribed into RNA

36
Q

Features of Nucleus?

A

-Double membrane
-Nuclear pores
-Euchromatin
-Heterochromatin
-Nucleolus

37
Q

Nucleolus?

A

Site of ribosome production

38
Q

Nucleus?

A

-Segregate DNA that gets transcribed into RNA
-Only organelle visible using standard LM

39
Q

Only organelle visible using standard LM?

A

Nucleus

40
Q

Organelles - Non-Membrane Bound?

A

-Microtubules
-Microfilaments
-Intermediate Filaments
-Centrioles
-Ribosomes

41
Q

Microtubules?

A

Major part of cytoskeleton

42
Q

Microfilaments?

A

Part of cytoskeleton

43
Q

Intermediate filaments?

A

Part of cytoskeleton

44
Q

Centrioles?

A

Cell division + microtubule organization center (MTOC)

45
Q

Ribosomes?

A

Protein translation + protein synthesis

46
Q

Microtubules?

A

-Made up of alpha + beta subunits
-Microtubule assembly starts from MTOC

47
Q

Microfilaments?

A

-Made up of globular g-actin formed into filamentous f-actin
-Polymerization into filaments occurs when g-actin is greater than critical concentration

48
Q

(Microfilament) Plus end = ?

A

Barbed = fast growing end

49
Q

(Microfilament) Minus end = ?

A

Pointed = slow growing end

50
Q

(Microtubule) Alpha subunits at?

A

Minus end

51
Q

(Microtubule) Beta subunits at?

A

Plus end (where growth of microtubule is fastest)

52
Q

Intermediate Filaments?

A

-Type 1= acidic
-Type 2= basic (+ neutral)
-Type 3= vimentin-like
-Type 4= neurofilaments (axons + dendrites)
-Type 5= nuclear lamins (A,B,C)
-Type 6= nestin (stem cells of CNS)

53
Q

Cytokeratins found in Epithelium?

A

-Type 1= acidic
-Type 2= basic (+ neutral)

54
Q

Centrosome?

A

-Made up of 2 centrioles located near nucleus
-Nucleation site for the formation of microtubules –> MTOC

55
Q

Function of Centrosome?

A

Nucleation site for formation of microtubules –> MTOC

56
Q

Function of Molecular Motors?

A

Move organelles + other structures within a cell

57
Q

3 Major Types of Molecular Motors?

A

-Kinesin
-Dynein
-Myosin

58
Q

Kinesin?

A

-Binds microtubules
-Moves anterograde= away from nucleus –> towards the plus end (beta subunit)

59
Q

Dynein?

A

-Binds microtubules
-Move retrograde= to nucleus –> towards minus end (alpha subunit)
-Has a role in ciliary + flagellar movement

60
Q

Myosin?

A

-Binds microfilament (ex. actin)
-Moves anterograde= away from nucleus –> towards plus end (barbed end)

Block 1: Histology (9 decks)

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