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bioc192 > Lecture 37: EXERCISE > Flashcards

Lecture 37: EXERCISE Flashcards

1
Q

How is ATP used in muscle?

A

myosin ATPase converts ATP to ADP and Pi (energy for contraction)

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2
Q

How in ATP created in muscle?

A

ADP + Pi > ATP

Resynthesis by energy metabolism

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3
Q

How much ATP is in muscle?

A

Only 5 micro mol per gram which is enough for 1 second

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4
Q

What is anaerobic exercise?

A

High intensity, rapid generation of force for short periods

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5
Q

What are examples of anaerobic exercise?

A

Sprinting and weight lifting

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6
Q

What is aerobic exercise?

A

Low intensity, prolonged, sustained exercise

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7
Q

What are examples of aerobic exercise?

A

Long distance running, swimming and walking

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8
Q

What happens the longer you exercise?

A

The more aerobic it must be

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9
Q

What are the anaerobic ways of generating ATP in muscle?

A

phosphocreatine and glycogen

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10
Q

Does anaerobic exercise require oxygen?

A

No

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11
Q

What are the aerobic ways of generating ATP?

A

Oxidation of glucose and fatty acids

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12
Q

Does aerobic exercise require oxygen?

A

Yes

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13
Q

What is phosphocreatine described as?

A

On site, fast fuel

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14
Q

How much phosphocreatine is present?

A

20 micro mol per g of muscle which lasts around 10 seconds

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15
Q

What is phosphocreatine?

A

A high energy phosphate compound

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16
Q

What can be done with the phosphate of phosphocreatine?

A

It can be transferred to ADP to make ATP

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17
Q

What is phosphocreatine made from?

A

Gly and Arg

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18
Q

What type of system does phosphocreatine form?

A

An energy buffering system

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19
Q

What happens during exercise (phosphocreatine)?

A

Phosphocreatine is converted to creatine and ADP to ATP by creatine kinase

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20
Q

What happens during recovery (phosphocreatine)?

A

Creatine is converted to phosphocreatine and ATP to ADP by creatine kinase

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21
Q

What is glycogen?

A

On site store of glucose in muscle

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22
Q

What happens with glycogen?

A

It is mobilised to glucose-1-phosphate by glycogen phosphorylase

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23
Q

What happens with glucose-1-phosphate?

A

It is converted to glucose-6-phosphate

24
Q

What is the fuel for anaerobic glycolysis?

A

Glucose-6-phosphate

25
Q

What does adrenaline do?

A

Binds beta adrenergic receptors (GPCR) of muscle cells

26
Q

What does adrenaline stimulate?

A

The mobilisation of glycogen to provide fuel for glycolysis

27
Q

What is the source of fuel for anaerobic glycolysis?

A

Muscle glycogen

28
Q

How is ATP generated in anaerobic glycolysis?

A

By substrate level phosphorylation

29
Q

What happens with pyruvate in anaerobic glycolysis?

A

It is reduced to lactate to regenerate NAD+

30
Q

How is ATP generation described in anaerobic glycolysis?

A

Very rapid but for a short time only

31
Q

What can lactate cause?

A

Muscle pH to drop and thus fatigue because enzyme activity lowers

32
Q

What is glycogen mobilisation stimulated by?

A

Ca2+ and adrenaline (stress hormon)

33
Q

What is phosphofructokinase activity increased by?

A

Allosteric regulators - AMP and Pi

34
Q

How do muscle cells make good use of ATP?

A

ADP + ADP = ATP + AMP

35
Q

What enzyme allows muscle cells to make good use of ATP?

A

Adenylate kinase (myokinase)

36
Q

What supplies the fuels for aerobic generation of ATP?

A

The blood

37
Q

What supplies the oxygen for aerobic generation of ATP?

A

The blood

38
Q

What happens in aerobic generation of ATP?

A

Active citric acid cycle, electron transport chain and oxidative phosphorylation

39
Q

What must be attempted to do during aerobic generation of ATP?

A

Must try not to deplete glycogen stores for short bursts of energy if required (sprint finish)

40
Q

What are the types of muscle fibre?

A

Type 1 and Type 2

41
Q

What are the Type 1 muscle fibres?

A

Red, slow twitch fibres

42
Q

What are the characteristics of Type 1 muscle fibres?

A

Slow speed of contraction, low maximum power output, high endurance, high capillary density and high myoglobin content

43
Q

How is metabolism in type 1 muscle fibres?

A

Oxidative (Aerobic)

44
Q

What are Type 2 muscle fibres?

A

White, fast twitch

45
Q

What are the characteristics of Type 2 muscle fibres?

A

Fast speed of contraction, low endurance, low mitochondrial density, high glycogenolytic enzyme activity and high glycolytic enzyme activity

46
Q

How is metabolism in type 2 muscle fibres?

A

Glycolytic (anaerobic)

47
Q

What muscle fibres are selected for in endurance training?

A

Type 1 (aerobic)

48
Q

What happens to the number of blood capillaries per muscle fibre in endurance training?

A

Increases

49
Q

What happens to the mitochondria in endurance training?

A

Increase size and number - increased cristae, increased capacity of mitochondria to generate ATP by oxidative phosphorylation, increased capacity to oxidise lipid and carbohydrate

50
Q

What happens to myoglobin content in endurance training?

A

Increases

51
Q

What are some performance enhancing drugs?

A

EPO doping, anabolic steroids and growth factors

52
Q

What does EPO do?

A

Increases red blood cell count and therefore gives more oxygen - recombinant EPO

53
Q

What do anabolic steroids do?

A

Give more muscle

54
Q

What do growth factors do?

A

More muscle - recombinant IGF-1, GH

55
Q

What are possibilities of gene therapy?

A

Turn off myostatin and regulation of transcription factors

56
Q

What may happen in regulation of transcription factors?

A

Upregulate PGC-1 or turn on PPAR which controls the number of mitochondria

bioc192 (38 decks)

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