Lecture 37: EXERCISE

Question 1

How is ATP used in muscle?

Answer 1

myosin ATPase converts ATP to ADP and Pi (energy for contraction)

Question 2

How in ATP created in muscle?

Answer 2

ADP + Pi > ATP

Resynthesis by energy metabolism

Question 3

How much ATP is in muscle?

Answer 3

Only 5 micro mol per gram which is enough for 1 second

Question 4

What is anaerobic exercise?

Answer 4

High intensity, rapid generation of force for short periods

Question 5

What are examples of anaerobic exercise?

Answer 5

Sprinting and weight lifting

Question 6

What is aerobic exercise?

Answer 6

Low intensity, prolonged, sustained exercise

Question 7

What are examples of aerobic exercise?

Answer 7

Long distance running, swimming and walking

Question 8

What happens the longer you exercise?

Answer 8

The more aerobic it must be

Question 9

What are the anaerobic ways of generating ATP in muscle?

Answer 9

phosphocreatine and glycogen

Question 10

Does anaerobic exercise require oxygen?

Answer 10

No

Question 11

What are the aerobic ways of generating ATP?

Answer 11

Oxidation of glucose and fatty acids

Question 12

Does aerobic exercise require oxygen?

Answer 12

Yes

Question 13

What is phosphocreatine described as?

Answer 13

On site, fast fuel

Question 14

How much phosphocreatine is present?

Answer 14

20 micro mol per g of muscle which lasts around 10 seconds

Question 15

What is phosphocreatine?

Answer 15

A high energy phosphate compound

Question 16

What can be done with the phosphate of phosphocreatine?

Answer 16

It can be transferred to ADP to make ATP

Question 17

What is phosphocreatine made from?

Answer 17

Gly and Arg

Question 18

What type of system does phosphocreatine form?

Answer 18

An energy buffering system

Question 19

What happens during exercise (phosphocreatine)?

Answer 19

Phosphocreatine is converted to creatine and ADP to ATP by creatine kinase

Question 20

What happens during recovery (phosphocreatine)?

Answer 20

Creatine is converted to phosphocreatine and ATP to ADP by creatine kinase

Question 21

What is glycogen?

Answer 21

On site store of glucose in muscle

Question 22

What happens with glycogen?

Answer 22

It is mobilised to glucose-1-phosphate by glycogen phosphorylase

Question 23

What happens with glucose-1-phosphate?

Answer 23

It is converted to glucose-6-phosphate

Question 24

What is the fuel for anaerobic glycolysis?

Answer 24

Glucose-6-phosphate

Question 25

What does adrenaline do?

Answer 25

Binds beta adrenergic receptors (GPCR) of muscle cells

Question 26

What does adrenaline stimulate?

Answer 26

The mobilisation of glycogen to provide fuel for glycolysis

Question 27

What is the source of fuel for anaerobic glycolysis?

Answer 27

Muscle glycogen

Question 28

How is ATP generated in anaerobic glycolysis?

Answer 28

By substrate level phosphorylation

Question 29

What happens with pyruvate in anaerobic glycolysis?

Answer 29

It is reduced to lactate to regenerate NAD+

Question 30

How is ATP generation described in anaerobic glycolysis?

Answer 30

Very rapid but for a short time only

Question 31

What can lactate cause?

Answer 31

Muscle pH to drop and thus fatigue because enzyme activity lowers

Question 32

What is glycogen mobilisation stimulated by?

Answer 32

Ca2+ and adrenaline (stress hormon)

Question 33

What is phosphofructokinase activity increased by?

Answer 33

Allosteric regulators - AMP and Pi

Question 34

How do muscle cells make good use of ATP?

Answer 34

ADP + ADP = ATP + AMP

Question 35

What enzyme allows muscle cells to make good use of ATP?

Answer 35

Adenylate kinase (myokinase)

Question 36

What supplies the fuels for aerobic generation of ATP?

Answer 36

The blood

Question 37

What supplies the oxygen for aerobic generation of ATP?

Answer 37

The blood

Question 38

What happens in aerobic generation of ATP?

Answer 38

Active citric acid cycle, electron transport chain and oxidative phosphorylation

Question 39

What must be attempted to do during aerobic generation of ATP?

Answer 39

Must try not to deplete glycogen stores for short bursts of energy if required (sprint finish)

Question 40

What are the types of muscle fibre?

Answer 40

Type 1 and Type 2

Question 41

What are the Type 1 muscle fibres?

Answer 41

Red, slow twitch fibres

Question 42

What are the characteristics of Type 1 muscle fibres?

Answer 42

Slow speed of contraction, low maximum power output, high endurance, high capillary density and high myoglobin content

Question 43

How is metabolism in type 1 muscle fibres?

Answer 43

Oxidative (Aerobic)

Question 44

What are Type 2 muscle fibres?

Answer 44

White, fast twitch

Question 45

What are the characteristics of Type 2 muscle fibres?

Answer 45

Fast speed of contraction, low endurance, low mitochondrial density, high glycogenolytic enzyme activity and high glycolytic enzyme activity

Question 46

How is metabolism in type 2 muscle fibres?

Answer 46

Glycolytic (anaerobic)

Question 47

What muscle fibres are selected for in endurance training?

Answer 47

Type 1 (aerobic)

Question 48

What happens to the number of blood capillaries per muscle fibre in endurance training?

Answer 48

Increases

Question 49

What happens to the mitochondria in endurance training?

Answer 49

Increase size and number - increased cristae, increased capacity of mitochondria to generate ATP by oxidative phosphorylation, increased capacity to oxidise lipid and carbohydrate

Question 50

What happens to myoglobin content in endurance training?

Answer 50

Increases

Question 51

What are some performance enhancing drugs?

Answer 51

EPO doping, anabolic steroids and growth factors

Question 52

What does EPO do?

Answer 52

Increases red blood cell count and therefore gives more oxygen - recombinant EPO

Question 53

What do anabolic steroids do?

Answer 53

Give more muscle

Question 54

What do growth factors do?

Answer 54

More muscle - recombinant IGF-1, GH

Question 55

What are possibilities of gene therapy?

Answer 55

Turn off myostatin and regulation of transcription factors

Question 56

What may happen in regulation of transcription factors?

Answer 56

Upregulate PGC-1 or turn on PPAR which controls the number of mitochondria