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BIOC192 > Lecture 3: PROTEINS + CELLULAR FUNCTION > Flashcards

Lecture 3: PROTEINS + CELLULAR FUNCTION Flashcards

1
Q

What are proteins described as?

A

The workhorses of the cell

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2
Q

What are proteins?

A

Giant molecules described as nanostructures or tiny molecular machines

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3
Q

What do proteins do?

A

Carry out and catalyse these processes in a cell:

  • Sense and respond to their environment
  • Make and break molecule
  • Obtain energy it needs
  • Replicate itself
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4
Q

Want do some proteins form?

A

Much of our physical makeup - muscle, ligaments, tendons, hair and nails

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5
Q

How are proteins structurally described?

A

As non-branching polymers that form macromolecules about 50-100 A in size

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6
Q

What is 1A?

A

10^-10m

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7
Q

What is each protein composed of?

A

A specific sequence of amino acids joined together by chemical bonds called peptide bonds

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8
Q

What is unique to each protein?

A

The sequence of amino acids and the length of the sequence

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9
Q

How many different amino acids make proteins?

A

20

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10
Q

How is protein structure determined?

A

By protein crystallography, electron cryo- microscopy and NMR spectroscopy

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11
Q

What are the ways of depicting chemical structure?

A

Skeletal, ball and stick and space filling

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12
Q

What is the skeletal model?

A

Each line represents a bone

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13
Q

What is the ball and stick model?

A

Each ball represents an atom and lines represent a bond

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14
Q

What is the space filling model?

A

Spheres are the size of the atoms actual radius

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15
Q

What are enzymes?

A

Proteins with the -ase suffix

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16
Q

What is insulin?

A

A cell signalling hormone

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17
Q

What is the function of insulin?

A

After a meal, insulin is generated and binds to the insulin receptor to signal cells to take up glucose

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18
Q

What is Trypsin involved in?

A

Digestion

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19
Q

What is the function of trypsin?

A

To break down proteins during digestion

20
Q

What are proteases?

A

Enzymes which break down proteins

21
Q

What do viruses and bacteria do?

A

Make proteins

22
Q

What do viruses and bacteria use to make proteins?

A

The same amino acid building blocks

23
Q

What does HIV do?

A

Makes a protease (HIV Protease) which is essential for its replication. Treatment can inhibit it

24
Q

What is amylase involved in?

A

Digestion

25
Q

What is the function of amylase?

A

To break down starch into sugars

26
Q

Where is amylase found?

A

In the saliva as well as pancreatic juices

27
Q

What is alcohol dehydrogenase involved in?

A

Metabolism

28
Q

What is the function of alcohol dehydrogenase?

A

An enzyme that helps metabolism ethanol

29
Q

What is hexokinase involved in?

A

Metabolism

30
Q

What is the function of hexokinase?

A

Adding a phosphate to glucose, after glucose has been taken up by the cel

31
Q

What are kinases?

A

Enzymes that usually add phosphates to molecules

32
Q

What is haemoglobin involved in?

A

Oxygen transport - metabolism

33
Q

What is the function of haemoglobin?

A

It binds to oxygen in the lungs and carries it in the blood to tissues for use in metabolism

34
Q

What is ATP synthase involved in?

A

Metabolism and Energetics - Membrane proteins

35
Q

What is the function of ATP Synthase?

A

It is a remarkable membrane protein that generates ATP for use in cellular functions

36
Q

What are antibodies involved in?

A

Immune protection

37
Q

What do antibodies do?

A

Bind to cellular invaders like bacteria and viruses to help protect the body from infection

38
Q

How many SARS-CoV2 structures were solved in 2020?

A

More than 1000

39
Q

What does SARS-CoV2 bind to?

A

ACE receptor

40
Q

What can therapeutic antibody fragments do?

A

Block SARS-CoV2 from binding to the ACE receptor

41
Q

What is DNA polymerase involved in?

A

Replication and maintenance

42
Q

What is the function of DNA polymerase?

A

DNA polymerase binds to one strand of DNA and adds the complementary strand to it

43
Q

What is RNA Polymerase involved in?

A

Replication and maintenance

44
Q

What is the function of RNA Polymerase?

A

RNA Polymerase creates a single strand of RNA that is complementary to one of the strands of DNA

45
Q

What are cells?

A

A bag of proteins, lipids and nucleic acids which are very crowded inside

BIOC192 (38 decks)

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