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BIOC192 > Lecture 22: ENERGY BALANCE IN CELLS AND ORGANISMS > Flashcards

Lecture 22: ENERGY BALANCE IN CELLS AND ORGANISMS Flashcards

1
Q

What is in the first law of thermodynamics?

A

The total energy within a system is constant, energy can neither be created or destroyed, energy can be converted and biology relies on energy conversions

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2
Q

Where does energy first come from?

A

The sun

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3
Q

Where does energy from the sun go?

A

To plants for photosynthesis

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4
Q

What is released from photosynthesis?

A

Oxygen

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5
Q

What is oxygen used for?

A

Respiration

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6
Q

What is the result of respiration?

A

Energy to use in anabolism, movement and transport

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7
Q

What is the result of using energy?

A

Heat, carbon dioxide and water

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8
Q

What goes into the body?

A

Food and oxygen

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9
Q

What is within food?

A

Chemical energy (carbohydrates, fats and proteins) and nutrients (vitamins and minerals)

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10
Q

What is food digested to?

A

Glucose, fatty acids, proteins, vitamins and minerals

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11
Q

What is there a balance between in the body?

A

Storage and metabolism

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12
Q

What is stored?

A

Triacylglycerol (TAG’s) and glycogen

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13
Q

What is involved in metabolism?

A

Glycolysis, beta oxidation and the citric acid cycle

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14
Q

What comes out of the body?

A

Heat, carbon dioxide and water

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15
Q

What happens in anabolism?

A

ATP is broke down into ADP and Pi when doing cellular work (high energy phosphate bond is broken by hydrolysis)

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16
Q

What happens in catabolism?

A

ADP and Pi combine to make ATP using energy from food

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17
Q

what happens in metabolism?

A

Carbon compounds in food are oxidised to form ATP

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18
Q

What is the energy balance in the body (perfect)?

A

Energy intake (food) = energy expended (basal metabolism and activities)

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19
Q

What is the energy balance in reality?

A

Energy intake = energy expended + energy stored

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20
Q

What is energy stored?

A

Weight gain

21
Q

What can weight loss be achieved by?

A

Reducing energy intake (eat less and/or take certain drugs), increasing activities and increase basal metabolism

22
Q

What is basal metabolism?

A

Energy required for maintenance of life

23
Q

What is leptin?

A

A hormone which helps control appetite and weight

24
Q

What are the units of energy?

A

Joules (J)

25
Q

What is 1 joule?

A

The energy required to push against 1 newton of force for 1 metre

26
Q

What is 1 cal?

A

4.184J

27
Q

What is 1 Cal?

A

4.184kJ

28
Q

What is daily dietary intake and energy expenditure usually measured in?

A

MJ

29
Q

How is energy content of food measured?

A

Using calorimetry

30
Q

What is the Atwater factor of fat?

A

38kJ/g

31
Q

What is the Atwater factor of carbohydrate?

A

17 kJ/g

32
Q

What is the Atwater factor of protein?

A

17 kJ/g

33
Q

What is the Atwater factor of ethanol?

A

29kJ/g

34
Q

Why is not all the energy in food available?

A

Losses I faces - fibre (cellulose), nitrogen is not oxidised (excreted in urine) so we have to adjust for these factors

35
Q

What does direct calorimetry rely on?

A

Measuring heat output from an individual

36
Q

What is direct calorimetry good for determining?

A

Basal metabolic rate (BMR)

37
Q

What is indirect calorimetry based on?

A

Oxygen consumption and carbon dioxide production measured using a respirometer.

38
Q

What is associated with every litre of oxygen consumed?

A

A certain amount of energy (20.9 kJ)

39
Q

What does indirect calorimetry allow to be calculated?

A

Energy expenditure for a range of activities and the respiration exchange ratio (RER)

40
Q

What is the RER formula?

A

RER=carbon dioxide produced/oxygen consumed

41
Q

What can RER determine?

A

What fuel is being used

42
Q

What is involved in maintenance of life?

A

Muscle contractions, nerve conduction, ion transport, synthesis of macromolecules and maintenance of body heat

43
Q

What is basal metabolic rate usually defined as?

A

Energy expenditure at rest

44
Q

What factors affect BMR?

A

Gender, age, body size and composition, genetics, hormonal status, stress levels, disease status and certain drugs

45
Q

What is BMR increased by?

A

Athletic training, late stages of pregnancy, fever, drugs (caffeine) and hyperthyroidism

46
Q

What is BMR decreased by?

A

Malnutrition, sleep, drugs (beta blockers) and hypothyroidism

47
Q

What is the RER value for sugar?

A

1

48
Q

What is the RER value for fats?

A

0.7

BIOC192 (38 decks)

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