Lecture 33- "Marine Policy"

Question 1

jurisdictional regions: individual state governments

Answer 1

• shoreline to 3 miles offshore

- Texas and Gulf Coast of Florida jurisdiction extend 9 miles

Question 2

jurisdictional regions: federal government

Answer 2

3 miles offshore to 200 miles offshore

Question 3

jurisdictional regions: international

Answer 3

waters beyond 200 miles are open to all countries

Question 4

Federal Water Pollution Control Act/ Clean Water Act (1972)

Answer 4

• navigable waters

- publicly owned treatment works that discharge into marine waters must comply to stringent criteria

Question 5

Magnuson-Stevens Fishery Conservation and Management Act (1979)

Answer 5

• the governing authority for all fishery management activities that occur in federal waters
• established the US 200 nautical mile limit
• set up a system of regional fishery management councils

Question 6

Federal Coastal Zone Management Act (1972)

Answer 6

• “encourage” coastal states to develop and implement coastal zone management plans
• funds were authorized to states to develop their program

Question 7

Federal Marine Mammal Protection Act (1979)

Answer 7

• established federal responsibility to conserve marine mammals
• exceptions are tribes and Native Americans for cultural reasons

Question 8

coastal zone importance

Answer 8

• trillions of dollars per year in economic activity

- 69 million jobs

Question 9

have recent US coastal policies worked?

Answer 9

No!

Question 10

why haven’t US coastal policies worked?

Answer 10

• more than half of all coastal rivers and bays are moderately to severely degraded due to NUTRIENT INPUTS
• growing conflicts with a range of stakeholders that use the coastal environment

Question 11

Pew Charitable Trust’s Oceans Commissions (2003) and the US Commission on Ocean Policy (2004)

Answer 11

• carried out the first broad assessment of ocean policy in more than 30 years
• both concluded that US ocean resources are currently at great risk

Question 12

it is recommended that

Answer 12

a comprehensive overhaul of the agencies that currently make ocean policy

Question 13

why is it difficult to create an ocean management policy that coherently regulates the wide range of stake holders that use the coastal environment?

Answer 13

up until now, regulation has been carried out by a large number of independent federal agencies (too many cooks in the kitchen)

Question 14

example of agencies working against each other

Answer 14

• one agency wants to promote corn-ethanol which increases nitrogen in the Mississippi by 37%
• another agency plans to reduce nitrogen inputs by at least 40% to mitigate dead zone in Gulf of Mexico

Question 15

Obama’s Administration Interagency Ocean Policy Task Force

Answer 15

• developed policy recommendations based largely on the conclusions of the US Ocean Commission
• signed by an Executive Order in 2010

Question 16

2010 Executive Order National Policy

Answer 16

• identifies the concept of coastal and marine spatial planning as a priority
• all agencies come together and negotiate

Question 17

the coastal and marine spatial planning framework

Answer 17

• ensures science based information is at the heart of decision making
• creates a comprehensive alternative to sector-by-sector and statute-statute decision making

Question 18

opposition to Ocean Policy

Answer 18

feared that it would decrease their congressional authority and lead to the imposition of new regulations and added cost to tax payers

Question 19

regional planning

Answer 19

• new name instead of spatial planning (too controversial)

- emphasizes participation is VOLUNTARY

Question 20

Implementation Plan sets a goal of establishing regional marine plans by

Answer 20

2017

Question 21

implications of Implementation Plan

Answer 21

• increase federal agency involvement in the management of ocean and coastal activities and resource utilization
• emphasis on ecosystem based management

Question 22

Trump >:(

Answer 22

• revoked the 2010 National Ocean Policy

- new executive order that no longer requires federal members to continue planning together with states and tribes

Question 23

the ocean policy committee will now focus on

Answer 23

growing the ocean economy

Question 24

Law of the Sea

Answer 24

• the most comprehensive and progressive protection for oceans
• everyone supports it but the Senate keeps pushing it off

Question 25

as of 2018, only 4 nations have failed to ratify the protocol

Answer 25

• US
• North Korea
• Iran
• Libya

Question 26

ICCAT

Answer 26

• the interests of commercial fishing and politics have trumped good science
• as a result, Atlantic Bluefin Tuna are near collapse and extinction

Question 27

CITES

Answer 27

• used by conservatives to stop the over exploitation of the bluefin Tuna
• has worked well for sharks