Lecture 31- Unsustainable Fishing Practices

Question 1

bottom trawling

Answer 1

• fishing method used to collect organisms on or near the seafloor
• bottom of net heavily weighted and dragged across seafloor
• most damaging

Question 2

surface long-line fishing

Answer 2

• used to catch pelagic predators such as tuna, and swordfish
• uses more than 100km of fishing line and thousands of baited hooks

Question 3

fish aggregating devices (FADS)

Answer 3

• large school of fish around the devices and ships come back with net
• also end up getting unintended fish as well

Question 4

— of the world’s tuna is caught using FADs

Answer 4

50%

Question 5

purse seine net

Answer 5

used in conjunction with FADs or with dolphin associated tuna schools

Question 6

overfishing is primary the result of a dramatic shift to

Answer 6

industrialized fishing operations that are run by large corporate companies who don’t care about conservation

Question 7

—% decline in top predator fish abundance in the world’s oceans between 1995 and 2000

Answer 7

90%

Question 8

overall wild captured biomass has — since the 1990s

Answer 8

leveled off since the 1990s at about 80 million tons

Question 9

—% of the major world fisheries are either maximally exploited or overfished

Answer 9

93

Question 10

one of the most striking trends of the past 3 decades has been the rise of

Answer 10

aquaculture

Question 11

aquaculture provides about

Answer 11

47% of global fish production

Question 12

overfished fisheries grew from 10% to

Answer 12

33% of all fisheries in 2015

Question 13

what is directly driving overfishing and associated environmental degradation

Answer 13

subsidies

Question 14

without the fuel subsidy

Answer 14

trawling the bottom of the ocean would almost stop certainly

Question 15

harmful subsidies remain partly due to

Answer 15

lobbying by vested interest groups

Question 16

as much as — of sea life scraped up by the trawlers is undesirable and discarded back into the ocean, most often as dead animals

Answer 16

70%

Question 17

each year, trawling affects an area — times greater than global area of forest that is cleared

Answer 17

150 times greater

Question 18

what do bottom trawling leave behind?

Answer 18

sediment trails

Question 19

main problem of FADs?

Answer 19

they don’t just attract target species (skipjack tuna), they also attract other non-target animals

Question 20

FADs increase bycatch by between

Answer 20

500 and 1000% when compared to nets set on free-swimming schools

Question 21

between 15-20% of the total catch of a FAD associated skipjack seine is actually

Answer 21

juvenile yellowfin and bigeye which are threatened species

Question 22

the plastic netting and other synthetic materials wash up on benches and snag on coral reefs and generally

Answer 22

add to the marine debris problems across the oceans

Question 23

— FADs are abandoned every year

Answer 23

tens of thousands

Question 24

problem with longline fishing

Answer 24

unintentionally catches seabirds (they swoop down to the fish), turtles, and sharks

Question 25

sharks

Answer 25

have slow growth and reproductive rates that makes them vulnerable to overfishing

Question 26

gear modification

Answer 26

• modifying fishing gear so that it reduces by catch
• if done right, it’s a win-win
• bycatch of endangered species is reduced

Question 27

sharks are estimated to have declined by over

Answer 27

75% in just the past 15 years

Question 28

bycatch can be a highly subjective definition

Answer 28

commercially targeted shark fisheries must be managed with quotas and other instruments according to the Common Fisheries Policy

Question 29

many shark catches are not managed at all because

Answer 29

they are regarded as bycatch and so catch limits are almost non-existent

Question 30

today, farmed fish make up about — of the fish that are eaten

Answer 30

47%

Question 31

main concerns about aquaculture

Answer 31

• they have to feed on other fish
• eutrophication of coastal waters (input of nitrogen and phosphorous, blooms of phytoplankton, no oxygen)
• increase of diseases
• lack of genetic diversity

Question 32

forage fish

Answer 32

lower trophic level wild fish populations used to feed farmed fish

Question 33

marine protected areas (MPAS)

Answer 33

• designed protected allow marine organisms to grow to high abundance and persistently seed the adjacent areas that are open to fishing
• how big each area should be and how closely spaced they should be is still an area of research

Question 34

largest MPA created

Answer 34

• in 2014

- under President Obama

Question 35

sustainable shellfish aquaculture

Answer 35

• oyster may be a key to sustainable aquaculture and clean coastlines
• oysters and clams filter the water

Question 36

aquaculture of planktivorous fish

Answer 36

• is sustainable!!!

- feed on zooplankton

Question 37

US farm raised shrimp

Answer 37

if done properly, they can be a good environmental/sustainable choice

Question 38

Marine Stewardship Council (MSC)

Answer 38

• group certifies that fish are sustainably caught
• formed in 1997 through cooperation between World Wildlife Fund (Conservation group) and Unilever (large food processing corporation)

Question 39

two dining halls on campus participate in this program

Answer 39

• RPCC

- Keaton