Lecture 32. Introduction to Brain Function, Emotion and Motivation

Question 1

What is Mark Twains definition of emotion ?

Answer 1

Any emotion, if it is sincere, is involuntary

Question 2

What are the dual aspects of emotion ?

Answer 2

1. Expression

2. Experience

Question 3

What is expression in the dual aspect of emotion ?

Answer 3

1. Behavioral - blushing, laughing, crying, running

2. Physiological - heart rate, skin conductance, neural activity

Question 4

What is experience in the dual aspect of emotion ?

Answer 4

Subjective feelings of humans - linguistic, conscious

Question 5

What is emotion ?

Answer 5

Immediate responses to as specific object or situation

Question 6

What is mood ?

Answer 6

Diffuse, long lasting affective state. Often with unclear triggers or origins

Question 7

What is another definition of emotion ?

Answer 7

Emotions are biologically based responses to situations that are seen as personally relevant. They are shaped by learning and usually involve changes in peripheral physiology, expressive behavior and subjective experience

Question 8

What do emotions involve changes across ?

Answer 8

Multiple response systems

Question 9

What are emotions distinct from ?

Answer 9

Moods, this is because emotions often have identifiable triggers

Question 10

What are two things that emotions could be ?

Answer 10

1. Unlearned responses to stimuli after intrinsic affective properties
2. Learned responses to stimuli with acquired emotional value

Question 11

What are Ekman’s categories ?

Answer 11

1. Well established basic emotions

2. Candidate basic emotions

Question 12

What are some examples of well-established basic emotions ?

Answer 12

1. Anger
2. Fear
3. Sadness
4. Disgust
5. Happiness
6. Surprise

Question 13

What are some examples of candidate basic emotions ?

Answer 13

1. Contempt
2. Shame
3. Guilt
4. Embarrassment
5. Awe
6. Amusement
7. Excitement
8. Pride
9. Relief
10. Satisfaction
11. Sensory pleasure
12. Enjoyment

Question 14

What is Ekman’s criteria for basic emotions ?

Answer 14

1. Distinctive universal signals
2. Presence in other primates
3. Distinctive physiology
4. Distinctive universals in antecedent events
5. Rapid onset
6. Brief duration
7. Automatic appraisal
8. Unbidden in occurence

Question 15

What is universal emotional expressions ?

Answer 15

The meaning of these facial expressions is similar across all cultures

Question 16

What are basic emotions ?

Answer 16

A closed, core set of emotions, each with unique characteristics, carved by evolution and reflected through facial expressions

Question 17

What are complex emotions ?

Answer 17

Combinations of basic emotions, some of which may be socially or culturally learned, that can be identified as evolved, long lasting feelings

Question 18

What is the dimensional theories of emotion ?

Answer 18

Describe emotions that are fundamentally the same but that differ along one or more dimensions, such as valence and arousal in reaction to events or stimuli

Question 19

In patient SM suffering from Urbach-Wiethe disease, what is the effect of amygdala atrophy ?

Answer 19

No capacity for experiencing or recognising fear

Question 20

What is the papez circuit ?

Answer 20

A fundamental component of the limbic system

Question 21

What is the limbic system ?

Answer 21

The part of the brain involved in emotional and behavioral response

Question 22

What are Darwins principles ?

Answer 22

1. Principle of serviceable habits
2. Principle of antithesis - opposite emotions to opposite behaviors
3. Principle of expressive habits

Question 23

What is the conventional theory of emotion ?

Answer 23

Conventional view of emotion reflects theories in which emotions have multiple components that need to be coordinated

Question 24

What is emotional generation ?

Answer 24

1. The physiological reaction
2. The behavioral reaction
3. The subject feeling

Question 25

What is the amygdala sometimes known as ?

Answer 25

The emotion center of the brain

Question 26

What was James Gross model of emotion ?

Answer 26

Emotions can be regulated by either manipulating the input to the system or by manipulating its output