Lecture 31. Integration of Physiological Regulation and Pathophysiology Flashcards
What are major regulators of homeostasis ?
- Nervous system
- Endocrine system
- Immune systems
What are features common to all organs ?
- Blood supply
- Nerve supply
- Presence of immune cells
What is a stress response ?
Nonspecific generalised response regardless of type of stressor
What does acute stress do ?
Helps body cope with stress stimulus
How does chronic stress affect the body ?
Damaging
What is the HPA axis ?
Hypothalamus pituitary adrenal
What are the effects of epinephrine and norepinephrine ?
- Glycogen broken down to glucose, increased blood glucose
- Increased blood pressure
- Increased breathing rate
- Increased metabolic rate
- Changes to blood flow
What do changes in blood flow systems in response to epinephrine and norepinephrine do ?
Leads to increased alertness and decreased digestive, excretory and reproductive system activity
What are the effects of mineralocorticoids ?
- Retention of sodium ions and water by kidneys
2. Increased blood volume and blood pressure
What are the effects of glucocorticoids ?
- Proteins and fats broken down and converted to glucose leading to increased blood glucose
- Partial suppression of immune system
What type of behavior is damaging to health ?
Sedentary behaviour
What is physical activity ?
Any bodily movement produced by the skeletal muscles which causes energy expenditure greater than at rest which is health enhancing
What is sedentary behaviour ?
Refers to any walking activity characterised by an energy expenditure 1.5 metabolic equivalents and a sitting or reclining posture
What is the metabolic equivalent ?
Ratio of activity to resting metabolic rate
What are the guidelines for physical behaviour ?
At least 30 minutes a day of moderate activity on 5 days a week or 150 minutes a week
What major diseases are associated with low physical activity ?
- Coronary heart disease
- Stroke
- Cancer
- Type 2 diabetes
- Dementia
What is the elite athlete paradox ?
Sedentary behaviour increases risk of respiratory tract infection. Moderate behaviour decreases risk of respiratory tract infection. Very high physical activity increases the risk of respiratory tract infection
What are the neurological benefits of exercise ?
- Decrease in anxiety/depression
- Decrease in dementia
- Increase in cognitive function
- Decrease in risk of stroke
What are the cardiovascular benefits to exercise ?
- Decrease in mortality
- Decrease in coronary artery disease
- Decrease in blood pressure
What are the endocrine benefits of exercise ?
- Decrease in weight
- Decrease in diabetes
- Decrease in low density lipoproteins
- Increase in high density lipoproteins
What are the musculoskeletal benefits to exercise ?
- Decrease in osteoporosis
- Decrease in falls
- Decrease in disability
What are the oncological benefits to exercise ?
- Decrease in prostrate cancer
- Decrease in breast cancer
- Decrease in bowel cancer
What role does blood have in the interactions between nervous, endocrine and immune systems ?
Acts as a mediator
What is increased inflammation as we age called ?
Inflammaging
What does inflammaging result in ?
- Changes in chromatin structure, genes and mRNA expression
- Accumulation of debris
- Immunosenescence
- Mitochondrial dysfunction
- Microbiome changes
What are the diseases of the brain associated with inflammation ?
- Major depressive disorder
- Schizophrenia
- Alzheimers
- Parkinsons
What can be used as a preventive measure/treatment for brain associated disease with inflammation ?
Exercise
