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Cells to Organisms - Lectures > Lecture 29. Overview of the Immune System > Flashcards

Lecture 29. Overview of the Immune System Flashcards

1
Q

What are the key primary lymphoid organs of the immune system ?

A
  1. Thymus

2. Bone marrow

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2
Q

What are the secondary lymphatic tissues ?

A

Spleen, tonsils, lymph vessels, lymph nodes, skin and liver

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3
Q

Where do B-cells develop ?

A

Bone marrow

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4
Q

Where do t-cells develop ?

A

Thymus

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5
Q

What do immune cells use to travel through the body ?

A

Lymphatic highway system

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6
Q

What are some strategic locations where immune cells may be stored ?

A
  1. Ln
  2. Tonsils
  3. Peyers patch
  4. Spleen
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7
Q

What are the phagocytes ?

A
  1. Macrophages
  2. Neutrophils
  3. Dendritic cells
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8
Q

What do innate leukocytes include ?

A
  1. Phagocytes
  2. Basophils
  3. Natural killer cells
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9
Q

What is the function of innate leukocytes ?

A

Identify and eliminate pathogens and are important mediators in the activation of the adaptive immune system

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10
Q

What do natural killer cells go after ?

A

Tumor cells and viruses

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11
Q

What is the function of perforin ?

A

Perforates membrane

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12
Q

What is the function of granzyme ?

A

Degrades membranes

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13
Q

What is the function of natural killer cells ?

A

Inserts granzymes and perforin into the cells that destroy tem

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14
Q

What is the function of T-cells ?

A

Destroy foreign or damaged cells

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15
Q

What is the function of helper T-cells ?

A

Regulate the attack of foreign and damaged cells

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16
Q

What do killer T-cells do ?

A

Carry out the attack on the foreign or damaged cells

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17
Q

What do B-cells produce ?

A

Antibodies

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18
Q

What are antibodies specific towards ?

A

One antigen

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19
Q

What is an antigen ?

A

A toxic or foreign substance

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20
Q

What happens when the antibody binds to the antigen ?

A

A signal for other cells and molecules of the immune systems to come and destroy the antigen

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21
Q

What is one of the key differences between the adaptive and innate immune system ?

A

Innate is rapid, the adaptive immune system takes longer to develop

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22
Q

How is an autoimmune disease caused ?

A

The body sees its own cells as foreign and attacks them

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23
Q

What are two examples of an immune over reaction ?

A
  1. Autoimmune problem

2. Allergic reaction

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24
Q

What are two examples of an immune under reaction ?

A
  1. Disease

2. Infection

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25
Q

What is homeostatic inflammation used for ?

A

A protective response

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26
Q

What happens everyday to the cells of the villi ?

A

They shed and new ones are made by stem cells in the crypts

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27
Q

What are some results if the immune system in the gut goes wrong ?

A
  1. Ulcerative colitis
  2. Crohns disease
  3. Coeliac disease
  4. Food allergy
  5. Colorectal cancer
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28
Q

How are RNA viruses recognised ?

A

Via nucleic acid detection

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29
Q

What do RNA viruses drive ?

A

Interferons

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30
Q

What type of RNAs are innate immune responses most reliant on the detection of ?

A

dsRNA

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31
Q

What type of virus is covid ?

A

Positive sense single stranded RNA

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32
Q

What type of RNA does covid generate ?

A

Double stranded RNA

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33
Q

How does covid replicate ?

A

The replication of the positive sense ssRNA genome proceeds through double stranded RNA intermediates,

34
Q

What is the purpose of covid replication in membranous invaginations ?

A

Avoidance of cellular response to the presence of dsRNA

35
Q

What is the function of oligo adenylate synthase ?

A

Activates RNAase L

36
Q

What is the function of RNAase-L ?

A

Degrade cytoplasmic RNA

37
Q

What do RNA viruses try to subvert ?

A

Recognition via nucleic acid detection

38
Q

What does CoV mediated antagonism of innate immunity begin with ?

A

The evasion of PRR sensing

39
Q

What do ssRNA form during replication ?

A

dsRNA intermediates

40
Q

What can dsRNA be detected by in the endosome ?

A

TLR3

41
Q

What can dsRNA be detected by in the cytosol ?

A
  1. RIG-I
  2. MDA5
  3. PKR
42
Q

What can ssRNA be detected by ?

A
  1. TLR7
  2. TLR8
  3. RIG-I
  4. PKR
43
Q

How can CoVs avoid PRR activation ?

A
  1. Avoiding recognition

2. Antagonising PRR action

44
Q

How do dsRNAs evade PRR ?

A

dsRNA is shielded by membrane bound compartments that form during viral replication of SARSCoV-1

45
Q

What is the structure of viral RNA ?

A

Guanosine-capped and methylated at the 50 end by CoVs nonstructural proteins 10, 13, 14 and

46
Q

What does the structure of viral RNAs help ?

A

Look more like self RNA

47
Q

What helps dsRNA avoid detection by MDA5 ?

A

An endonuclease that cleaves off poly uridine

48
Q

What is hypoxemia ?

A

Not enough oxygen in the circulating blood cells

49
Q

How does cancer occur ?

A

When a normal cell goes out of control dividing and these cells express stress markers or produce antigens that normal cells dont produce

50
Q

What are activatory receptors ?

A

Stress markers which become activated to kill

51
Q

What is the function of an activatory receptor ?

A

How immune cells particularly innate immune cells kill

52
Q

What does a T-cell need to kill ?

A

Two signals

53
Q

What is the function of the first signal of the T-cell ?

A

Alert the immune cells

54
Q

What is the function of the second signal in T-cells ?

A

A costimulatory molecule which gives a boost to activate the T-cell

55
Q

What is the most important costimulatory signal for a T-cell ?

A

CD28

56
Q

What does CD28 do ?

A

Binds to B7 on the presenting cell

57
Q

What do immune cells also have ?

A

Inhibitory receptors

58
Q

What are inhibitory receptors critical for ?

A

Autoimmunity

59
Q

What are two examples of inhibitory receptors ?

A
  1. PD1

2. CTLA

60
Q

What is CTLA4 ?

A

A checkpoint that binds B7 - in competition with CD28

61
Q

What does PD bind to ?

A

PDL

62
Q

How does cancer hijack the immune system ?

A

Cancer cells put the receptors for these checkpoints in their surface which inhibits immune response

63
Q

What does ipilimumab do ?

A

An antibody which blocks CTLA4

64
Q

How does the immune system respond to fat ?

A

Inflammatory response

65
Q

What happens when fat cells store excess fat ?

A

They burst and release lipids into the body which is toxic to cells

66
Q

What is the function of macrophages and fat ?

A

Engulf the lipids to try clean up and produce cytokines to helpp

67
Q

What is a characteristic of obesity ?

A

Inflammation in the dat tissue

68
Q

What can TNF do ?

A

Activate JNK signaling

69
Q

What does the activation of JNK signaling pathway do ?

A

Phosphorylation of the insulin receptor and leads to insulin resistance

70
Q

What is the immune system in fat doing in healthy lean people ?

A

Constantly fighting disorder to maintain homeostasis

71
Q

What is lean adipose tissue full of ?

A

Innate T-cells

72
Q

What are ab T -cells ?

A

They are CD4 or CD8 positive and recognise antigens presented in the context of MHC

73
Q

What is special about innate T-cells in fats ?

A

They recognise lipids

74
Q

What are iNKT cells rich in ?

A

Adipose tissue

75
Q

What is one of the things that iNKT cells do ?

A

Produce anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10

76
Q

What activates iNKT cells ?

A

Alpha GalCer

77
Q

What are iNKT important for ?

A

Thermogenesis

78
Q

What are microglia ?

A

Macrophage like cells

79
Q

What is alzheimers sensed by ?

A

Microglia

80
Q

Are the brain and the immune system in constant communication ?

A

Yes

81
Q

What are the meninges of the brain packed with ?

A

Immune cells

Cells to Organisms - Lectures (36 decks)

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