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Cells to Organisms - Lectures > Lecture 25. Endocrine Regulation of Physiological Function > Flashcards

Lecture 25. Endocrine Regulation of Physiological Function Flashcards

1
Q

What are the five types of cell to cell communication ?

A
  1. Endocrine signaling
  2. Paracrine signaling
  3. Autocrine signaling
  4. Synaptic signaling
  5. Neuroendocrine signaling
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2
Q

What are hormones ?

A

Chemical signals secreted into the circulatory system that communicate regulatory messages to target cells

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3
Q

What are the three classes of hormones ?

A
  1. Polypeptides
  2. Steroids
  3. Amines
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4
Q

What are the water soluble hormones ?

A
  1. Polypeptides

2. Most amines

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5
Q

What hormones are lipid soluble ?

A
  1. Steroid hormones

2. Largely non-polar hormones

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6
Q

How are water soluble hormones secreted by ?

A

Exocytosis

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7
Q

What do water soluble hormones do ?

A

Travel freely in the bloodstream and bind to cell surface receptors

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8
Q

What do lipid soluble hormones do ?

A

Diffuse across cell membranes, travel in the bloodstream bound to transport proteins and diffuse through the membranes of target cell

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9
Q

Where do lipid soluble hormones bind ?

A

Receptors in the cytoplasm or nucleus of the target cells

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10
Q

Where are endocrine cells often grouped ?

A

Endocrine glands

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11
Q

What are endocrine glands ?

A

Ductless glands

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12
Q

What are some examples of endocrine glands ?

A
  1. Thyroid and parathyroid glands

2. Testes or ovaries

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13
Q

What do exocrine glands have ?

A

Ducts to carry secreted substances onto body surfaces or into body cavities

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14
Q

What is an example of an exocrine gland ?

A

Salivary gland

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15
Q

What does homeostasis in animal rely on ?

A

Negative feedback

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16
Q

What does negative feedback do ?

A

Helps to return a variable to a normal range

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17
Q

What are some examples of negative feedback ?

A
  1. Temperature regulation

2. Blood glucose regulation

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18
Q

What is positive feedback ?

A

Amplifies a stimulus and only contributes to homeostasis in animals in a small number of functions

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19
Q

What are some examples of positive feedback ?

A
  1. Childbirth
  2. Blood clotting
  3. Electrical impulses in nerves
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20
Q

What is feedforward ?

A

Anticipatory response to expected change

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21
Q

What are some examples of feedforward ?

A
  1. Increased heart rate in anticipation of exercise
  2. Increased secretion of insulin before food is digested to yield glucose
  3. Stimulation of gastric secretions due to thought/smell of food
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22
Q

What are hormones assembles into ?

A

Regulatory pathways

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23
Q

What integrates function of the endocrine system and the nervous system ?

A

The brain

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24
Q

What is the function of the hypothalamus ?

A

Coordinates electrical signaling

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25
Q

How does the hypothalamus coordinate endocrine signaling ?

A

Receives information from the nerves throughout the body and initiates appropriate neuroendocrine signals

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26
Q

What is the pituitary gland composed of ?

A
  1. Posterior pituitary

2. Anterior pituitary

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27
Q

What is the function of the posterior pituitary ?

A

Stores and secretes hormones that are made in the hypothalamus

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28
Q

What is the neural link also known as ?

A

Neurohypophysis

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29
Q

What is the function of the anterior pituitary ?

A

Makes and releases hormones under regulation of the hypothalamus

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30
Q

What type of link does the posterior pituitary have ?

A

Neural link

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31
Q

What type of link does the anterior pituitary have ?

A

Vascular link

32
Q

What is the vascular link also known as ?

A

Adenohypophysis

33
Q

What does the posterior pituitary secrete ?

A

ADH and oxytocin

34
Q

Where does ADH act ?

A

Kidney tubules

35
Q

Where does oxytocin act ?

A

Mammary glands and uterine muscles

36
Q

What is secreted by the anterior pituitary ?

A
  1. FSH and LH
  2. TSH
  3. ACTH
  4. Prolactin
  5. MSH
  6. GH
37
Q

Where do FSH and LH act ?

A

Testes or ovaries

38
Q

Where does TSH act ?

39
Q

Where does ACTH act ?

A

Adrenal cortex

40
Q

Where does prolactin act on ?

A

Mammary glands

41
Q

What does MSH act on ?

A

Melanocytes

42
Q

What does GH act on ?

A

Liver, bones and other tissues

43
Q

What hormones have tropic effects only ?

A
  1. FSH and LH
  2. TSH
  3. ACTH
44
Q

What hormones have non-tropic effects ?

A
  1. Prolactin

2. MSH

45
Q

What hormone have both tropic and non-tropic effects ?

46
Q

What is the function of a tropic hormone ?

A

Causes secretion of another hormone

47
Q

What happens when the thyroid hormone level drops in the blood ?

A

The hypothalamus secretes thryotopin releasing hormone (TRH)

48
Q

What does the thyroid releasing hormone (TRH) cause ?

A

The anterior pituitary to secrete thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)

49
Q

What is the function of the thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) ?

A

Stimulates release of thyroid homes by the thyroid gland

50
Q

What is the only non-iodine containing molecule synthesised in the body ?

A

Thyroid hormone

51
Q

What causes goiter ?

A

Low levels of thyroid hormone due to insufficient iodine, even though the the pituitary continues to secrete TSH

52
Q

Where are the adrenal glands located ?

A

On top of the kidneys

53
Q

What does each adrenal gland consist of ?

A

Two glands, the adrenal medulla (inner) and the adrenal cortex (outer)

54
Q

What is the function of the adrenal medulla ?

A

Secretes adrenaline and noradrenaline

55
Q

What is the function of the adrenal cortex ?

A

Secretes corticosteroids

56
Q

What are the two types of corticosteroids ?

A
  1. Glucocorticoids

2. Mineralocorticoids

57
Q

What do glucocorticoids do ?

A

Influence glucose metabolism and the immune system

58
Q

What is an example of a glucocorticoid ?

59
Q

What is the function of the mineralocorticoids ?

A

Affect salt and water balance

60
Q

What is an example of mineralocorticoids ?

A

Aldosterone

61
Q

What is the function of adrenaline in the liver cell ?

A

Blood glucose level increases

62
Q

What is the function of adrenaline in the smooth muscle cell in the wall of blood vessels that supplies skeletal muscle ?

A

Blood vessel dilates, increasing flow to skeletal muscle

63
Q

What is the role of adrenaline in the smooth muscle cell in the wall of blood vessel that supplies intestines ?

A

Blood vessel constricts, decreasing flow to the intestines

64
Q

What produces most of the sex hormones ?

A
  1. Gonads
  2. Testes
  3. Ovaries
65
Q

What are the sex hormones ?

A
  1. Androgens
  2. Estrogens
  3. Progesterons
66
Q

What do the testes primarily synthesis ?

A

Androgens, mainly testosterone

67
Q

What is testosterone responsible for ?

A
  1. Promotes development of male reproductive structures

2. Male secondary sex characteristics

68
Q

What is the oestrogen, most importantly oestradiol responsible for ?

A
  1. Maintenance of the female reproductive system

2. Development of female secondary sex characteristics

69
Q

What is the function of progesterone ?

A

Preparing and maintaining the uterus for pregnancy

70
Q

What is the synthesis of sex hormones controlled by ?

A

The gonadotropine

71
Q

What are the gonadotropins ?

A

Follicle-stimulating and lutenising hormone from the anterior pituitary

72
Q

What us gonadotropin secretion controlled by ?

A

Gonadotropin releasing hormone from the hypothalamus

73
Q

What are the pancreas ?

A

Endocrine cells - islets of langherhans

74
Q

What is the pancreas the site of ?

A

Insulin synthesis and secretion

75
Q

What type of hormone is insulin ?

A

Anabolic hormone

76
Q

What is the primary stimulus for secretion of insulin ?

A

Increase in blood glucose concentration

Cells to Organisms - Lectures (36 decks)

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