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Cells to Organisms - Lectures > Lecture 26. Fundamentals of Cardiovascular and Respiratory Physiology Part 1. > Flashcards

Lecture 26. Fundamentals of Cardiovascular and Respiratory Physiology Part 1. Flashcards

1
Q

What is the cardiac cycle ?

A

The contraction and relaxation of the heart in a rhythmic cycle

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2
Q

What is another word for the contraction of the heart ?

A

Systole

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3
Q

What is another word for the relaxation of the heart ?

A

Diastole

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4
Q

What is the flow of blood through the heart known as ?

A

Unidirectional

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5
Q

What is backflow of blood prevented by ?

A

AV and semilunar valves

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6
Q

What makes the lub dub heart sound ?

A

Valve closure

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7
Q

What is the cardiac output ?

A

Volume of blood pumped by each ventricle each minute

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8
Q

What regulates cardiac function ?

A

Autonomic nervous system

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9
Q

What does the parasympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system do to the cardiac function ?

A

Innervates the SA node which slows the heart rate

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10
Q

What does the sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system do in cardiac function ?

A

Innervates the SA node which increase heart rate

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11
Q

How does exercise effect autonomic nervous system function ?

A

Decreases parasympathetic activity and increases sympathetic activity

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12
Q

What is gas exchange ?

A

The uptake of oxygen from the environment and the discharge of carbon dioxide to the environment

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13
Q

What is boyle’s law ?

A

At constant temperature, pressure and volume are inversely related

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14
Q

What biological process is Boyle’s law a part of ?

A

Breathing

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15
Q

What is spirometry ?

A

Method of measuring lung function

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16
Q

What is the gas composition of air ?

A
  1. 79% nitrogen
  2. 21% oxygen
  3. Trace amounts of carbon dioxide, helium, argon etc.
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17
Q

What do gasses diffuse down ?

A

Pressure gradients (High pressure to low pressure)

18
Q

What is partial pressure ?

A

The pressure exerted by a particular gas in a mixture of gases

19
Q

In gas mixtures, what do gases diffuse down ?

A

Partial pressure gradients (High partial pressure to low partial pressure)

20
Q

How is heart beat initiated by autorhythmic activity ?

A
  1. Signals from SA node spread through atria
  2. Signals are delayed at AV node
  3. Bundle branches pass signals to heart apex
  4. Signals spread throughout ventricle
21
Q

What is heart rate and contractile strength modulated by ?

A

Autonomic nervous system

22
Q

What is tachycardia ?

A

Abnormally fast heart rate

23
Q

What is bradycardia ?

A

Abnormally slow heart rate

24
Q

What is fibrillation ?

A

Loss of coordination of electrical activity. Can be corrected by defibrillation

25
Q

What does atrial fibrillation result in ?

A

Weakness

26
Q

What does ventricular fibrillation result in ?

A

Death in minutes, damage to heart muscle

27
Q

What is haemodynamics ?

A

How blood moves through the circulation

28
Q

What is the process of gas exchange ?

A
  1. Inhaled air
  2. Alveolar spaces
  3. Pulmonary veins and systemic arteries
  4. Body tissue
  5. Pulmonary arteries and systemic veins
  6. Exhaled air
29
Q

Where is oxygen not very soluble ?

A

Plasma

30
Q

Where is haemoglobin present ?

A

In erythrocytes

31
Q

How many molecules of oxygen can haemoglobin bind ?

A

4

32
Q

Where does carbon dioxide from respiring cells go ?

A
  1. Diffuses into the blood and is transported in blood plasma bound to haemoglobin
  2. Diffuses into erythrocytes and reacts with water to form H2CO3
33
Q

What does CO2 affect ?

A

Blood pH

34
Q

What is the bohr shift ?

A

Carbon dioxide produced during cellular respiration lowers blood pH and decreases the affinity of hemoglobin for oxygen

35
Q

Where are the breathing control centers found ?

A

The medulla oblongata of the brain

36
Q

What is the function of the medulla oblongata ?

A

Regulates the rate and depth of breathing in response to pH changes in the cerebospinal fluid

37
Q

What is hypoxia ?

A

Low oxygen levels in the tissues

38
Q

What is the V02max defined as ?

A

The rate of oxygen usage under maximal aerobic metabolism

39
Q

What is oxygen uptake measured in ?

A

ml/min or ml/min/kg body weight

40
Q

What does the V02 max rely on ?

A

Cardiovascular and respiratory performance

Cells to Organisms - Lectures (36 decks)

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