Lecture 31- The Brain I

Question 1

Four main regions of the Brain

Answer 1

1. The cerebral hemispheres include the frontal, parietal, temporal and occipital lobes and the basal nuclei (ganglia).
2. The diencephalon includes the thalamus and hypothalamus.
3. The brain stem includes the midbrain, pons and medulla oblongata.
4. The cerebellum

Question 2

Brain folds

Answer 2

Raised region- gyrus
Wrinkle- sulcus
Deep wrinkle- fissure

Question 3

Grey matter

Answer 3

In CNS consists of short non myelinated neurons and neuron cell bodies

Brain stem has additional Grey matter nuclei scattered within white matter

Cerebral hemispheres and cerebellum have an outer layer of grey matter called the cortex

Question 4

White matter

Answer 4

Consists of myelinated and non myelinated axons

Question 5

Cerebral white matter

Answer 5

Responsible for communication. Between cerebral areas and cerebral cortex and lower CNS centres

Question 6

Fibres that make up cerebral white matter - association fibres

Answer 6

tracts of cerebral white matter that run horizontally, connecting different parts of the same hemisphere.

Question 7

Fibres that make up cerebral white matter- commissural fibres

Answer 7

run horizontally and connect corresponding areas of grey matter in the two hemispheres, allowing the hemispheres to function together as a whole

Question 8

Fibres that make up cerebral white matter- projection fibres

Answer 8

run vertically,and connect the cerebral cortex to the lower brain or cord centres

Question 9

Cerebrum

Answer 9

Largest region of the brain separated into right and left hemispheres

Question 10

Cerebral region hemispheres (3 regions)

Answer 10

the superficial cortex of grey matter
internal white matter
and areas of grey matter deep within the white matter
the basal nuclei.

Question 11

Four lobes

Answer 11

frontal
parietal
temporal
and occipital.

A fifth region, called the insula, forms part of the floor of the lateral sulcus and is covered by the lobes.

Question 12

Cerebral cortex

Answer 12

location of the conscious mind, allowing us to communicate, remember, and understand. It has motor areas, sensory areas, and association areas.

Question 13

Contralateral control

Answer 13

each hemisphere controls the opposite side of the body.

Question 14

Lateralization of function

Answer 14

there is specialization of one side of the brain for certain functions.

Question 15

Primary motor cortex

Answer 15

located in the precentral gyrus

allows conscious control of skilled voluntary movement of skeletal muscles.

Question 16

Premotor cortex

Answer 16

Region controlling learned motor skills

Question 17

Broca’s area

Answer 17

motor area that controls muscles

involved in making words when speaking or writing.

Question 18

Cortical homunculus

Answer 18

artistic depiction of how the human body would look if the body parts were scaled proportionately
to the size of the region of you cerebral cortex that processes sensory information from those body parts

Question 19

Primary somatosensory cortex

Answer 19

processes sensory information from the body, such as touch and temperature, as well as the location of stimulation.

It is located in the postcentral gyrus of the parietal lobe.

Question 20

Somatosensory association cortex

Answer 20

Integrates sensory information and produces an understanding of the stimulus being felt.

Question 21

Primary visual cortex and visual association area

Answer 21

in the occipital lobe receive and interpret visual stimuli.

Question 22

Primary auditory cortex and auditory association area

Answer 22

in the temporal lobe.

They allow detection and recognition of sound

Question 23

Vestibular cortex

Answer 23

in the parietal lobe and the insula.

It is responsible for awareness of balance

Question 24

Olfactory cortex

Answer 24

Processes odours

Found in inferior frontal lobe and insula

Question 25

Gustatory cortex

Answer 25

Perceives taste

Found in inferior frontal lobe and insula

Question 26

Visceral sensory areas

Answer 26

the insula are involved
in conscious awareness of visceral sensation.

Question 27

Anterior association area (prefrontal cortex)

Answer 27

involved with intellect, cognition, recall, and personality.

It is closely linked to the limbic system.

Question 28

Posterior association area

Answer 28

aids in recognition of patterns and faces, as well as understanding of written and spoken language.

This includes Wernicke’s area, which links words and meanings.

Question 29

Limbic association area

Answer 29

deals with emotions surrounding situations and includes the cingulate gyrus, parahippocampal gyrus, and hippocampus.

Question 30

Lateralization of cortical functioning

Answer 30

Each cerebral hemisphere has unique control over abilities not shared by the other half

In many cases, the left hemisphere dominates language abilities, math and logic.

the right hemisphere dominates visual-spatial skills, intuition, emotion, and artistic and musical skills.

Both sides of the brain are involved in virtually all skills and processes.

Question 31

Basal nuclei

Answer 31

consist of a group of subcortical nuclei that have overlapping motor control with the cerebellum

involved in deciding which action you should take and inhibiting other actions.