Lecture 1 - Anatomical Terminology Flashcards
What is anatomy?
The structure of the body and how it fits
What is physiology?
The function of the body and how it works
What does the structure of the body parts effect?
It’s function
What does the function of the body parts effect?
It’s structure
Levels of organization
- Chemical level
- Cellular level
3.tissue level
4.organ level
5.system level - Organismal level
What are the characteristics of a living human?
Metabolism - to break down and build up molecules
Responsiveness- to respond to changes
Movement- Of the whole body of moving parts within the body
Growth- In body size through cells or extracellular material
Differentiation - into specialized cells , cells differentiate for special functions
Reproduction- Of a new cells or production of a new human

What is homeostasis?
Staying the same.
A condition of equilibrium through regulation and feedback
Within the body, nerve impulses from the nervous system and hormones from the endocrine system regulate homeostasis
Nerve impulses work quickly and specifically
Hormones usually work slowly and Broadly
What is a receptor?
Sensor that detects changes and send signal to a control centre
What is the function of a control centre?
What determines the setpoint for a variable, analyzes set input and coordinates an appropriate response by signalling an effector
What is the function of an effector?
Carries out the appropriate response
What is a response?
The feedback to reduce/amplify the stimulus
Negative feedback
Negative feedback the response reduces/stops the stimulus preventing severe changes within the body
Most homeostatic controls are negative feedback mechanisms
Ex.
Stimulus - body temp exceed 37°
Sensor - nerve cells in skin and brain
Control centre - temp. Regulatory centre in Brain
Effector - sweat glands throughout body
Response - increased heat loss
Positive feedback
In Positive feedback the response enhances were magnifies the stimulus resulting in an amplifying effect or cascade
Positive feedback is used to control events that do not require continuous adjustment
Ex. Childbirth
Disorder
Any change from normal function
Disease
Illness characterized by a recognizable set of signs (Things that can be observed) And symptoms (Things that patient feels) With a known cause or mechanism like a viral infection 
Syndrome
Like a disease but without a clear cause or mechanism
Homeostatic imbalance
Occurs when the control centre cannot properly respond to a stimulus
Also occurs with age and contributes to many of the changes we associate with ageing
Anatomical position
For a human this is standing, feet slightly apart, palms facing forward, thumbs pointing away from the body
What is the axial division of the body?
Head and torso
What is the appendicular division of the body?
Limbs and stuff that is only there because of your limbs
Directional terms
Describe where one body structure is located compared to another body structure when in anatomical position
“Left” and “right”  as though you are describing your own body
Superior
Towards the head (nose superior to pelvis)
Inferior
Away from the head ( pelvis inferior to nose)
Medial
Towards the midline of the body (nose medial to ears)
Lateral
Away from the midline of the body (ears lateral to nose)
Proximal
Closer to the point of attachment (elbow proximal to wrist)
Distal
Further from the point of attachment (wrist distal to elbow)
Anterior (ventral)
Towards the front
Posterior (dorsal)
Towards the back
Superficial
Towards the surface of the body
Deep
Away from the surface of the body
BODY PLANES
Sagittal section
Divides body into left and right
Midsagittal section
Divides body along the midline into two equal left and right halves
Frontal (coronal) section
Divide body into front and back
Transverse section
Divides body into top and bottom
Body cavities
Spaces within the body that support and protect organs within them
Dorsal body cavity
Made up of cranial and vertebral cavity
Ventral body cavity
Made up of thoracic and abdominopelvic cavity and two pleural cavities
Abdominopelvic body cavity
Contains abdominal and a pelvic cavity
Thoracic cavity
Contains pericardial and two pleural cavities
Body cavity membranes
Cavities in organs are lined by thin double layers called serous membranes which Full of lubrication fluid that reduce friction between organs
Membrane lining cavities are PARIETAL SEROSA
Membranes lining organs are VISCERAL SEROSA

Abdominopelvic quadrants
Membranes that wraparound abdominal cavity is the peritoneum
Divided by media line and transumbilical line
Right upper, left upper, right lower,left lower
