Lecture 1 - Anatomical Terminology

Question 1

What is anatomy?

Answer 1

The structure of the body and how it fits

Question 2

What is physiology?

Answer 2

The function of the body and how it works

Question 3

What does the structure of the body parts effect?

Answer 3

It’s function

Question 4

What does the function of the body parts effect?

Answer 4

It’s structure

Question 5

Levels of organization

Answer 5

1. Chemical level
2. Cellular level
   3.tissue level
   4.organ level
   5.system level
3. Organismal level

Question 6

What are the characteristics of a living human?

Answer 6

Metabolism - to break down and build up molecules
Responsiveness- to respond to changes
Movement- Of the whole body of moving parts within the body
Growth- In body size through cells or extracellular material
Differentiation - into specialized cells , cells differentiate for special functions
Reproduction- Of a new cells or production of a new human


Question 7

What is homeostasis?

Answer 7

Staying the same.
A condition of equilibrium through regulation and feedback

Within the body, nerve impulses from the nervous system and hormones from the endocrine system regulate homeostasis

Nerve impulses work quickly and specifically
Hormones usually work slowly and Broadly

Question 8

What is a receptor?

Answer 8

Sensor that detects changes and send signal to a control centre

Question 9

What is the function of a control centre?

Answer 9

What determines the setpoint for a variable, analyzes set input and coordinates an appropriate response by signalling an effector

Question 10

What is the function of an effector?

Answer 10

Carries out the appropriate response

Question 11

What is a response?

Answer 11

The feedback to reduce/amplify the stimulus

Question 12

Negative feedback

Answer 12

Negative feedback the response reduces/stops the stimulus preventing severe changes within the body

Most homeostatic controls are negative feedback mechanisms

Ex.
Stimulus - body temp exceed 37°
Sensor - nerve cells in skin and brain
Control centre - temp. Regulatory centre in Brain
Effector - sweat glands throughout body
Response - increased heat loss

Question 13

Positive feedback

Answer 13

In Positive feedback the response enhances were magnifies the stimulus resulting in an amplifying effect or cascade

Positive feedback is used to control events that do not require continuous adjustment
Ex. Childbirth

Question 14

Disorder

Answer 14

Any change from normal function

Question 15

Disease

Answer 15

Illness characterized by a recognizable set of signs (Things that can be observed) And symptoms (Things that patient feels) With a known cause or mechanism like a viral infection 

Question 16

Syndrome

Answer 16

Like a disease but without a clear cause or mechanism

Question 17

Homeostatic imbalance

Answer 17

Occurs when the control centre cannot properly respond to a stimulus

Also occurs with age and contributes to many of the changes we associate with ageing

Question 18

Anatomical position

Answer 18

For a human this is standing, feet slightly apart, palms facing forward, thumbs pointing away from the body

Question 19

What is the axial division of the body?

Answer 19

Head and torso

Question 20

What is the appendicular division of the body?

Answer 20

Limbs and stuff that is only there because of your limbs

Question 21

Directional terms

Answer 21

Describe where one body structure is located compared to another body structure when in anatomical position

“Left” and “right”  as though you are describing your own body

Question 22

Superior

Answer 22

Towards the head (nose superior to pelvis)

Question 23

Inferior

Answer 23

Away from the head ( pelvis inferior to nose)

Question 24

Medial

Answer 24

Towards the midline of the body (nose medial to ears)

Question 25

Lateral

Answer 25

Away from the midline of the body (ears lateral to nose)

Question 26

Proximal

Answer 26

Closer to the point of attachment (elbow proximal to wrist)

Question 27

Distal

Answer 27

Further from the point of attachment (wrist distal to elbow)

Question 28

Anterior (ventral)

Answer 28

Towards the front

Question 29

Posterior (dorsal)

Answer 29

Towards the back

Question 30

Superficial

Answer 30

Towards the surface of the body

Question 31

Deep

Answer 31

Away from the surface of the body

Question 32

BODY PLANES

Sagittal section

Answer 32

Divides body into left and right

Question 33

Midsagittal section

Answer 33

Divides body along the midline into two equal left and right halves

Question 34

Frontal (coronal) section

Answer 34

Divide body into front and back

Question 35

Transverse section

Answer 35

Divides body into top and bottom

Question 36

Body cavities

Answer 36

Spaces within the body that support and protect organs within them

Question 37

Dorsal body cavity

Answer 37

Made up of cranial and vertebral cavity

Question 38

Ventral body cavity

Answer 38

Made up of thoracic and abdominopelvic cavity and two pleural cavities

Question 39

Abdominopelvic body cavity

Answer 39

Contains abdominal and a pelvic cavity

Question 40

Thoracic cavity

Answer 40

Contains pericardial and two pleural cavities

Question 41

Body cavity membranes

Answer 41

Cavities in organs are lined by thin double layers called serous membranes which Full of lubrication fluid that reduce friction between organs

Membrane lining cavities are PARIETAL SEROSA
Membranes lining organs are VISCERAL SEROSA


Question 42

Abdominopelvic quadrants

Answer 42

Membranes that wraparound abdominal cavity is the peritoneum

Divided by media line and transumbilical line
Right upper, left upper, right lower,left lower