Lecture 3 - Chemistry Flashcards

1
Q

What is matter?

A

The stuff of the universe, has mass, occupies space

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2
Q

What is energy?

A

Energy affects matter
Kinetic energy puts matter in motion
Potential energy is stored energy

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3
Q

What is the law conservation of energy?

A

Energy created cannot be destroyed
The law conservation of energy Is how energy can be converted from one form to another

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4
Q

What are elements?

A

Substances that can’t be broken down into simpler substances

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5
Q

What are isomers?

A

Same molecular formula but different structures

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6
Q

What are atoms?

A

Smallest units of matter that retain the properties and characteristics of an element

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7
Q

Explain the atom structure

A

Proton: Positive charged particles in the nucleus
Neutrons: Neutral charge particles in the nucleus 
Electrons: Negatively charged particles in shells around the nucleus (determine chemical property)

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8
Q

What is Dalton?

A

A standard unit for measuring the mass of atoms and their subatomic particles

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9
Q

What are isotopes?

A

Same atomic number but different atomic mass
Different from normal in the number of neutrons

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10
Q

What are radioisotopes?

A

Isotopes that lose subatomic particles overtime

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11
Q

What does it mean by “ Half life of isotope”?

A

Time required for half the radioactive atoms in an isotope to decay into more stable form

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12
Q

What is an ion?

A

A charged atom

ANION: Gains one or more electrons and has a negative charge
CATION: Loses one or more electrons and has a positive charge

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13
Q

Molecules vs. Compounds

A

Molecules: Made by binding two or more atoms
Compounds: Made from two or more different atoms

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14
Q

Valence shells

A

Shell 1 holds only 2 electrons
Shell 2 hold Max 8 electrons
Shell 3 holds 8 or more electrons

Atom with full valence shell is chemically stable
Because this requires 8 electrons it’s called the octet rule

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15
Q

What is an ionic bond?

A

The transfer of valence shell electrons from one atom to another, resulting in ions

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16
Q

What is a covalent bond?

A

Formed by sharing two or more valence shell electrons between two atoms

NONPOLAR: share equally between atoms
POLAR: do not share equally between atoms

17
Q

What is a hydrogen bond?

A

An attractive force between electropositive hydrogen of one molecule and an electronegative atom of another

Not a true bond – weak magnetic attraction between partial negative and partial positive

18
Q

What is a functional group?

A

Group of atoms linked by strong covalent bonds

19
Q

How does a chemical reaction occur?

A

A chemical reaction occurs when chemical bonds are formed rearranged or broken

Reactants are what you start with
Products are what you get after

20
Q

Synthesis reactions

A

Two components combined to make a larger molecule

Note + Book —> NoteBook

Anabolic (building) Reaction

21
Q

Decomposition reactions

A

Bonds broken between components of a larger molecule

BookWorm —> Book + Worm

Catabolic (bond breaking) reaction

22
Q

Exchange reactions

A

Bonds are broken and formed to rearrange the components of the reactants

NoteBook + Worm —> Note + BookWorm

23
Q

Redox reactions

A

Reduction oxidation reaction
Atoms reduced when they gain electrons
Atoms oxidized when they lose electrons

24
Q

Exergonic reaction

A

Release more energy than they absorb

25
Endogonic reaction
Absorb more energy than they release
26
What affects rate of reaction?
Temperature Concentration of reactants Particle size Catalysts
27
How does chemical equilibrium occur?
Chemical equilibrium occurs if neither of forward nor a reverse reaction is dominant
28
What is a Colloid?
A mixture that is somewhat like a heavy solution Ex. Milk and cream