Lecture 3 - Chemistry Flashcards

1
Q

What is matter?

A

The stuff of the universe, has mass, occupies space

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2
Q

What is energy?

A

Energy affects matter
Kinetic energy puts matter in motion
Potential energy is stored energy

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3
Q

What is the law conservation of energy?

A

Energy created cannot be destroyed
The law conservation of energy Is how energy can be converted from one form to another

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4
Q

What are elements?

A

Substances that can’t be broken down into simpler substances

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5
Q

What are isomers?

A

Same molecular formula but different structures

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6
Q

What are atoms?

A

Smallest units of matter that retain the properties and characteristics of an element

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7
Q

Explain the atom structure

A

Proton: Positive charged particles in the nucleus
Neutrons: Neutral charge particles in the nucleus 
Electrons: Negatively charged particles in shells around the nucleus (determine chemical property)

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8
Q

What is Dalton?

A

A standard unit for measuring the mass of atoms and their subatomic particles

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9
Q

What are isotopes?

A

Same atomic number but different atomic mass
Different from normal in the number of neutrons

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10
Q

What are radioisotopes?

A

Isotopes that lose subatomic particles overtime

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11
Q

What does it mean by “ Half life of isotope”?

A

Time required for half the radioactive atoms in an isotope to decay into more stable form

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12
Q

What is an ion?

A

A charged atom

ANION: Gains one or more electrons and has a negative charge
CATION: Loses one or more electrons and has a positive charge

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13
Q

Molecules vs. Compounds

A

Molecules: Made by binding two or more atoms
Compounds: Made from two or more different atoms

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14
Q

Valence shells

A

Shell 1 holds only 2 electrons
Shell 2 hold Max 8 electrons
Shell 3 holds 8 or more electrons

Atom with full valence shell is chemically stable
Because this requires 8 electrons it’s called the octet rule

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15
Q

What is an ionic bond?

A

The transfer of valence shell electrons from one atom to another, resulting in ions

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16
Q

What is a covalent bond?

A

Formed by sharing two or more valence shell electrons between two atoms

NONPOLAR: share equally between atoms
POLAR: do not share equally between atoms

17
Q

What is a hydrogen bond?

A

An attractive force between electropositive hydrogen of one molecule and an electronegative atom of another

Not a true bond – weak magnetic attraction between partial negative and partial positive

18
Q

What is a functional group?

A

Group of atoms linked by strong covalent bonds

19
Q

How does a chemical reaction occur?

A

A chemical reaction occurs when chemical bonds are formed rearranged or broken

Reactants are what you start with
Products are what you get after

20
Q

Synthesis reactions

A

Two components combined to make a larger molecule

Note + Book —> NoteBook

Anabolic (building) Reaction

21
Q

Decomposition reactions

A

Bonds broken between components of a larger molecule

BookWorm —> Book + Worm

Catabolic (bond breaking) reaction

22
Q

Exchange reactions

A

Bonds are broken and formed to rearrange the components of the reactants

NoteBook + Worm —> Note + BookWorm

23
Q

Redox reactions

A

Reduction oxidation reaction
Atoms reduced when they gain electrons
Atoms oxidized when they lose electrons

24
Q

Exergonic reaction

A

Release more energy than they absorb

25
Q

Endogonic reaction

A

Absorb more energy than they release

26
Q

What affects rate of reaction?

A

Temperature
Concentration of reactants
Particle size
Catalysts

27
Q

How does chemical equilibrium occur?

A

Chemical equilibrium occurs if neither of forward nor a reverse reaction is dominant

28
Q

What is a Colloid?

A

A mixture that is somewhat like a heavy solution
Ex. Milk and cream