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HUBS191 2022 > lecture 31 - immune cells of blood > Flashcards

lecture 31 - immune cells of blood Flashcards

1
Q

What are the two overall components of blood, and at what ratios?

A

55% plasma, 45% formed elements

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2
Q

What are the components of plasma?

A

Proteins (including antibodies/immunoglobulin), other solutes, water

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3
Q

What are the 3 key formed elements of blood?

A

Platelets, white blood cells (leukocytes), red blood cells

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4
Q

What is the general term for white blood cells?

A

Leukocytes

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5
Q

What process allows bone marrow stem cells to produce blood cells?

A

Hematopoiesis.

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6
Q

What are the 3 blood cell lineages?

A

Erythoid, myeloid, lymphoid

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7
Q

What type of cell are in the Erythroid lineage?

A

Red blood cells (erythrocytes)

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8
Q

What types of blood cells are in the myeloid lineage? (4)

A

Granulocytes, monocytes, dendritic cells, platelets

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9
Q

Are blood cells of the myeloid lineage innate or adaptive in nature?

A

Innate

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10
Q

What types of cells are in the lymphoid lineage?

A

B and T lymphocytes (B/T cells)

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11
Q

Are cells in the Lymphoid blood cell lineage adaptive or innate in nature?

A

Adaptive

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12
Q

What two blood cell lineages are white blood cells?

A

Myeloid and lymphoid

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13
Q

What is the name for granulocytes found in blood?

A

Neutrophils

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14
Q

What proportion of leukocytes are represented by neutrophils?

A

75%

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15
Q

What is the structure of a neutrophil?

A

Has a multi lobed nucleus and contains granules

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16
Q

What is the function of neutrophils?

A

They highly phagocytic - can ‘eat and kill’ pathogens.

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17
Q

When do neutrophil levels in the blood increase?

A

When there is infection or inflammation

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18
Q

When can neutrophils move out of blood and into tissue?

A

When there is inflammation

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19
Q

What is the name for granulocytes found in tissue?

A

Mast cells

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20
Q

What are mast cells?

A

Cells that line mucosal surfaces and release granules that attract other white blood cells to areas of tissue damage/infection.

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21
Q

What are monocytes?

A

Cells present in the blood that have a low level of phagocytosis until they leave the blood and develop into macrophages in tissues.

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22
Q

What are macrophages derived from?

A

Monocytes

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23
Q

Where are macrophages found?

A

In tissue - not in blood

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24
Q

Do macrophages have a high or low rate of phagocytosis?

A

High

25
Q

What are the possible ways that a macrophage can sit in tissue?

A

Can become resident/sessile, or move though it (migratory)

26
Q

What are the 3 functions of macrophages?

A

Phagocytosis, release of chemical messengers, show info about pathogenic microbes to T cells.

27
Q

What is phagocytosis?

A

Ingestion of bacteria by cells such as macrophages

28
Q

What is the purpose of chemical messaging by macrophages?

A

Signals to other cells to aid in clearing infection

29
Q

How do macrophages share information about pathogens?

A

They break up viruses and attach a piece to a receptor on its surface, where it can be recognised by the adaptive immune system.

30
Q

How do macrophages link the innate and adaptive immune systems?

A

They share information about viruses with T cells, activating the adaptive immune system.

31
Q

What is the function of dendritic cells?

A

Link innate and adaptive immune systems - they are phagocytic and can present antigens to adaptive immune cells.

32
Q

Where are dendritic cells found, and in what numbers?

A

In low numbers in blood and tissues in contact with the environment.

33
Q

How are immune cells carried around the body?

A

In blood and in lymph

34
Q

Where does lymph in tissues collect?

A

Lymphatic vessels

35
Q

Where does lymph drain to, from the lymphatic vessels?

A

Lymph nodes

36
Q

Where do dendritic cells meet T cells?

A

Lymph nodes

37
Q

What does PAMP stand for?

A

Pathogen associated molecular pattern

38
Q

What is a PAMP?

A

A small molecular motif conserved within a class of microbes and are a common ‘building block’.

39
Q

What are common PAMPS in viruses?

A

nucleic acids - ssRNA and dsRNA

40
Q

What are the common nucleic acid PAMPS of viruses?

A

single stranded RNA and double stranded RNA

41
Q

What are the locations/types of common bacterial PAMPs?

A

Cell wall, flagella, nucleic acid

42
Q

What are the common PAMPs found in bacterial cell walls?

A

Lipopolysaccharide (LPS), endotoxins, lipoteichoic acid

43
Q

What are the common PAMPs found in bacterial flagella?

A

Flagellin

44
Q

What is the common PAMP found in bacterial nucleic acids?

A

unmethylated CpG DNA

45
Q

How do toll-like receptors activate innate immune responses?

A

Toll-like receptors in the cell membrane recognise PAMPs and can then signal to the nucleus to transcript genes and translate to form proteins that aid in cellular defence.

46
Q

What intracellular component allows cells to defend against pathogens that have come inside it?

A

Phagolysosomes

47
Q

How do phagolysosomes defend cells?

A

They recognise the nucleic acid PAMPs of invading bacteria/viruses and engulf and decoat them, preventing them from colonising the inside of the cell.

48
Q

What is the clinical name for fever?

A

Pyrexia

49
Q

What is pyrexia?

A

Fever - an abnormally high body temperature (usually >37 degrees celsius)

50
Q

What does the fever do to the body’s ‘thermostat’?

A

Resets the temperature regulation, controlled by the hypothalamus

51
Q

What substances produce a fever?

A

Pyrogens

52
Q

What are pyrogens released by?

A

Bacteria and immune cells

53
Q

What chemical messenger and pyrogen is produced by phagocytes?

A

interleukin-1

54
Q

What is interleukin-1?

A

A pyrogen and cytokine

55
Q

What is the purpose of fever?

A

Stop pathogen growth and enhance immune function

56
Q

How does changing phagocytic activity decrease a fever and restore the biological thermostat?

A

Decreasing phagocytosis leads to a decrease in interleukin-1 release and therefore less pyrogen, so the fever comes down.

57
Q

What is the difference between lymphocytes and leukocytes?

A

Leukocytes are all the white blood cells in the blood, while lymphocytes are a specific type of leukocyte that are found in lymph

58
Q

Are mast cells phagocytic?

A

Yes

HUBS191 2022 (36 decks)

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