lecture 11 - standing/gait cycle Flashcards
What are the 3 reinforcing ligaments of the hip joint?
Pubofemoral, iliofemoral and ischiofemoral ligaments
In extension, what are the positions of the ligaments of the hip joint?
Ligaments taut anteriorly, lax posteriorly
In flexion what are the positions of the ligaments of the hip joint?
Lax anteriorly, taut posteriorly
How does the hip joint lock?
The capsular ligaments are taut, locking the joint into extension
How is the knee joint locked during bipedal standing?
Collateral ligaments of the knee are taut, so that the knee joint is pushed into extension
What is the advantage of having joints that can lock during bipedal standing?
Muscles do not need to be active to maintain the standing position, so energy can be saved
Does the ankle joint have the capability to lock during standing?
No - it relies on plantar flexion muscle activity to remain stable
How does the ankle remain stable during bipedal standing?
Joint ‘falls’ into dorsiflexion, so plantar flexor muscles. (e.g. trcieps surae) counteract, making the muscles active and creating isometric activity.
What are the 2 key phases of the gait cycle?
Swing phase, stance phase
In what phase of the gait cycle do both feet touch the ground?
Double stance phase
What is the first stage of the gait cycle?
Early stance
In the gait cycle, what action occurs at the hip joint during early stance?
Flexion, moving to extension
In the gait cycle, what action occurs at the knee joint during early stance?
Extension (locked for stability)
In the gait cycle, what action occurs at the ankle joint during early stance
Dorsiflexion moving to plantarflexion
In the gait cycle, what action occurs at the hip joint during mid stance?
Flexion moving to extension
In the gait cycle, what action occurs at the knee joint at mid stance?
Moving from extension to slight flexion
In the gait cycle, what action occurs at the ankle joint at mid stance?
Moving into plantarflexion
In the gait cycle, what action occurs at the hip joint at the late stance?
extension
In the gait cycle, what action occurs at the knee joint at the late stance?
extension
In the gait cycle, what action occurs at the ankle joint at the late stance?
Full plantarflexion
In the gait cycle, what action occurs at the hip joint at the early swing?
Extension moving into flexion
In the gait cycle, what action occurs at the knee joint at early swing?
Flexion
In the gait cycle, what action occurs at the ankle joint at early swing?
Dorsiflexion (so toes clear the ground)
In the gait cycle, what action occurs at the hip joint at mid swing?
Flexion
In the gait cycle, what action occurs at the knee joint at mid swing?
Flexion
In the gait cycle, what action occurs at the ankle joint at mid swing?
Dorsiflexion
In the gait cycle, what action occurs at the hip joint at late swing?
Flexion
In the gait cycle, what action occurs at the knee joint at late swing?
Flexion, moving to extension
In the gait cycle, what action occurs at the ankle joint at late swing?
dorsiflexion
During the gait cycle, if the hip joint is extended, what are the muscles performing concentric and eccentric actions?
Concentric = gluteus maximus, hamstrings. Eccentric = rectus femoris, iliopsoas
During the gait cycle, if the hip joint is in flexion, what are the muscles performing concentric and eccentric actions?
Concentric = rectus femoris, iliopsoas. Eccentric = hamstrings, gluteus maximus
During the gait cycle, if the knee joint is extended, what are the muscles performing concentric and eccentric actions?
Concentric = quadriceps femoris. Eccentric = hamstrings, gastrocnemius
During the gait cycle, if the knee joint is in flexion, what are the muscles performing concentric and eccentric actions?
Concentric = gastrocnemius, hamstrings. Eccentric = quadriceps femoris
During the gait cycle, if the ankle joint is extended (plantarflexion), what are the muscles performing concentric and eccentric actions?
Concentric = triceps surae. Eccentric = tibialis anterior
During the gait cycle, if the ankle joint is in flexion (dorsiflexion) what are the muscles performing concentric and eccentric actions?
Concentric = Tibialis anterior. Eccentric = Triceps surae
How does the tibialis anterior act to slow down the rate that the foot falls back to the ground in late stance?
It acts eccentrically, slowly extending to control rate that foot drops due to gravity. (as an antagonist to the agonist, which is gravity)
What is the role of collateral ligaments of the knee in heel strike?
They stabilise the knee joint by preventing unwanted abduction or adduction
What action occurs when the foot first touches the ground after swing?
Heel strike
What action occurs when the foot leaves the ground at the end of stance/the beginning of swing?
Toe off
What kind of muscle action is heel strike?
Dorsiflexion (flexion of ankle joint)
What kind of muscle action is toe off?
Plantarflexion (extension of the ankle joint)
Where does the line of gravity fall in relation to the hip joint, and what kind of action does this generate?
Posterior to hip joint, pushes Hip into extension
Where does the line of gravity fall in relation to the knee joint, and what kind of action does this generate?
Falls anterior to knee joint, pushing knee into extension
Where does the line of gravity fall in relation to the ankle joint, and what kind of action does this generate?
Anterior to joint, pushes joint into flexion (dorsiflexion)
