lecture 11 - standing/gait cycle

Question 1

What are the 3 reinforcing ligaments of the hip joint?

Answer 1

Pubofemoral, iliofemoral and ischiofemoral ligaments

Question 2

In extension, what are the positions of the ligaments of the hip joint?

Answer 2

Ligaments taut anteriorly, lax posteriorly

Question 3

In flexion what are the positions of the ligaments of the hip joint?

Answer 3

Lax anteriorly, taut posteriorly

Question 4

How does the hip joint lock?

Answer 4

The capsular ligaments are taut, locking the joint into extension

Question 5

How is the knee joint locked during bipedal standing?

Answer 5

Collateral ligaments of the knee are taut, so that the knee joint is pushed into extension

Question 6

What is the advantage of having joints that can lock during bipedal standing?

Answer 6

Muscles do not need to be active to maintain the standing position, so energy can be saved

Question 7

Does the ankle joint have the capability to lock during standing?

Answer 7

No - it relies on plantar flexion muscle activity to remain stable

Question 8

How does the ankle remain stable during bipedal standing?

Answer 8

Joint ‘falls’ into dorsiflexion, so plantar flexor muscles. (e.g. trcieps surae) counteract, making the muscles active and creating isometric activity.

Question 9

What are the 2 key phases of the gait cycle?

Answer 9

Swing phase, stance phase

Question 10

In what phase of the gait cycle do both feet touch the ground?

Answer 10

Double stance phase

Question 11

What is the first stage of the gait cycle?

Answer 11

Early stance

Question 12

In the gait cycle, what action occurs at the hip joint during early stance?

Answer 12

Flexion, moving to extension

Question 13

In the gait cycle, what action occurs at the knee joint during early stance?

Answer 13

Extension (locked for stability)

Question 14

In the gait cycle, what action occurs at the ankle joint during early stance

Answer 14

Dorsiflexion moving to plantarflexion

Question 15

In the gait cycle, what action occurs at the hip joint during mid stance?

Answer 15

Flexion moving to extension

Question 16

In the gait cycle, what action occurs at the knee joint at mid stance?

Answer 16

Moving from extension to slight flexion

Question 17

In the gait cycle, what action occurs at the ankle joint at mid stance?

Answer 17

Moving into plantarflexion

Question 18

In the gait cycle, what action occurs at the hip joint at the late stance?

Answer 18

extension

Question 19

In the gait cycle, what action occurs at the knee joint at the late stance?

Answer 19

extension

Question 20

In the gait cycle, what action occurs at the ankle joint at the late stance?

Answer 20

Full plantarflexion

Question 21

In the gait cycle, what action occurs at the hip joint at the early swing?

Answer 21

Extension moving into flexion

Question 22

In the gait cycle, what action occurs at the knee joint at early swing?

Answer 22

Flexion

Question 23

In the gait cycle, what action occurs at the ankle joint at early swing?

Answer 23

Dorsiflexion (so toes clear the ground)

Question 24

In the gait cycle, what action occurs at the hip joint at mid swing?

Answer 24

Flexion

Question 25

In the gait cycle, what action occurs at the knee joint at mid swing?

Answer 25

Flexion

Question 26

In the gait cycle, what action occurs at the ankle joint at mid swing?

Answer 26

Dorsiflexion

Question 27

In the gait cycle, what action occurs at the hip joint at late swing?

Answer 27

Flexion

Question 28

In the gait cycle, what action occurs at the knee joint at late swing?

Answer 28

Flexion, moving to extension

Question 29

In the gait cycle, what action occurs at the ankle joint at late swing?

Answer 29

dorsiflexion

Question 30

During the gait cycle, if the hip joint is extended, what are the muscles performing concentric and eccentric actions?

Answer 30

Concentric = gluteus maximus, hamstrings. Eccentric = rectus femoris, iliopsoas

Question 31

During the gait cycle, if the hip joint is in flexion, what are the muscles performing concentric and eccentric actions?

Answer 31

Concentric = rectus femoris, iliopsoas. Eccentric = hamstrings, gluteus maximus

Question 32

During the gait cycle, if the knee joint is extended, what are the muscles performing concentric and eccentric actions?

Answer 32

Concentric = quadriceps femoris. Eccentric = hamstrings, gastrocnemius

Question 33

During the gait cycle, if the knee joint is in flexion, what are the muscles performing concentric and eccentric actions?

Answer 33

Concentric = gastrocnemius, hamstrings. Eccentric = quadriceps femoris

Question 34

During the gait cycle, if the ankle joint is extended (plantarflexion), what are the muscles performing concentric and eccentric actions?

Answer 34

Concentric = triceps surae. Eccentric = tibialis anterior

Question 35

During the gait cycle, if the ankle joint is in flexion (dorsiflexion) what are the muscles performing concentric and eccentric actions?

Answer 35

Concentric = Tibialis anterior. Eccentric = Triceps surae

Question 36

How does the tibialis anterior act to slow down the rate that the foot falls back to the ground in late stance?

Answer 36

It acts eccentrically, slowly extending to control rate that foot drops due to gravity. (as an antagonist to the agonist, which is gravity)

Question 37

What is the role of collateral ligaments of the knee in heel strike?

Answer 37

They stabilise the knee joint by preventing unwanted abduction or adduction

Question 38

What action occurs when the foot first touches the ground after swing?

Answer 38

Heel strike

Question 39

What action occurs when the foot leaves the ground at the end of stance/the beginning of swing?

Answer 39

Toe off

Question 40

What kind of muscle action is heel strike?

Answer 40

Dorsiflexion (flexion of ankle joint)

Question 41

What kind of muscle action is toe off?

Answer 41

Plantarflexion (extension of the ankle joint)

Question 42

Where does the line of gravity fall in relation to the hip joint, and what kind of action does this generate?

Answer 42

Posterior to hip joint, pushes Hip into extension

Question 43

Where does the line of gravity fall in relation to the knee joint, and what kind of action does this generate?

Answer 43

Falls anterior to knee joint, pushing knee into extension

Question 44

Where does the line of gravity fall in relation to the ankle joint, and what kind of action does this generate?

Answer 44

Anterior to joint, pushes joint into flexion (dorsiflexion)