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HUBS191 2022 > lecture 10 - muscle/joint action > Flashcards

lecture 10 - muscle/joint action Flashcards

1
Q

What are the parts of an ‘anatomical lever’?

A

Bones act as levers, joints as pivot/fulcrum, contracting muscles supply force, load.

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2
Q

What are the position of the components in a first class lever?

A

Pivot in middle, load and applied force on either side

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3
Q

What are the position of the components in a second class lever?

A

Pivot and applied force at either end, load in middle

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4
Q

What are the position of the components in a third class lever?

A

Pivot and load at either end, applied force in the middle

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5
Q

Plantar flex ion involves what class of lever?

A

Second class

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6
Q

What class of lever is involved with flexion of the elbow joint?

A

Third class

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7
Q

What are the three factors that affect muscle form/function?

A

Length, number and arrangement of fibres

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8
Q

How much can muscle fibres shorten?

A

Up to 50% of their resting length

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9
Q

If a muscle requires a large range of motion, will it be long or short?

A

Long, so the half-length is long

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10
Q

What is the tension/force of a muscle proportional to?

A

Cross sectional area of the muscle

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11
Q

The greater the concentration/number of fibres in a given area, the greater the….

A

tension the muscle can generate

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12
Q

What is the name for muscle fibres arranged vertically in line with tendons?

A

Parallel fibres

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13
Q

What is the name for muscle fibres arranged oblique to the tendons?

A

Pennate

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14
Q

Do pennate or parallel fibres have a greater cross sectional area?

A

Pennate

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15
Q

Why do pennate muscles generate greater force than parallel muscles?

A

The angle of the muscle fibres allows a greater number of fibres to fit in the same area than parallel muscles, allowing more force to be generated.

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16
Q

Why do muscles consisting of pennate fibres have a small range of motion?

A

Pennate fibres can only contract by half the length of their shortest fibre. The oblique arrangement leaves some very short fibres on the edges, which creates a small ROM.

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17
Q

What are the three types of pennate muscles?

A

Unipennate, bipennate, multipennate

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18
Q

What are the three types of muscle contraction?

A

Concentric, eccentric, isometric

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19
Q

What is concentric muscle action?

A

Muscle fibres are active, tension exceeds load so muscle shortens/contracts, moving the joint

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20
Q

What is eccentric muscle action?

A

Muscle fibres are active, developing tension. Load exceeds tension, so muscle lengthens. Usually, another muscle causes this lengthening. Changes joint position

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21
Q

What is isometric muscle action?

A

Muscle fibres are active, but the load is equal and opposite to the applied force, so there is no change in muscle length or joint position.

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22
Q

What are the four muscle roles at joints?

A

Agonist, antagonist, stabiliser, neutraliser

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23
Q

What are muscle agonists?

A

Muscles that act concentrically (shorten to cause the main movement at a joint)

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24
Q

What are muscle antagonists?

A

Muscles that act eccentrically, and are generally stretched as the result of the shortening of an opposite agonist muscle

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25
Q

What are muscle stabilisers?

A

Muscles that hold a joint still (isometric action)

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26
Q

What are muscle neutralisers?

A

Muscles that eliminate unwanted muscle movement, using extension and flexion.

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27
Q

Generally, what kind of movement will a muscle lying anterior to a joint produce?

A

Flexion

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28
Q

Generally, what kind of movement will a muscle lying posterior to a joint produce?

A

Extension

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29
Q

Generally, what kind of movement will a muscle lying medial to a joint produce?

A

Adduction

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30
Q

Generally, what kind of movement will a muscle lying lateral to a joint produce?

A

Abduction

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31
Q

What joint is the exception to the concentric muscle rules?

A

The knee joint

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32
Q

What kind of movement will a knee muscle lying anterior to the joint produce?

A

Extension

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33
Q

What kind of movement will a knee muscle lying posterior to the joint produce?

A

Flexion

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34
Q

How many heads does the bicep brachii have?

A

Two

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35
Q

Where is the superior attachment of the biceps brachii?

A

Scapula

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36
Q

Where does the inferior end of the biceps brachii attach?

A

The radius - the radial tuberosity

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37
Q

What movement is generated by the biceps brachii at the shoulder and why?

A

Flexion, muscle anterior to joint

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38
Q

What movement is generated at the elbow by the biceps brachii and why?

A

Flexion, muscle anterior to joint

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39
Q

How many heads does the triceps brachii muscle have?

A

Three

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40
Q

What are the three heads of the triceps brachii?

A

Long, short, medial

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41
Q

Where does the long head of the triceps brachii attach?

A

The scapula

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42
Q

What heads of the triceps brachii attach to the humerus?

A

Short and medial

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43
Q

Where does the inferior end of the triceps brachii attach?

A

The olecranon of the ulna

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44
Q

What movement is generated by the triceps brachii at the shoulder, and why?

A

Extension, muscle posterior to joint

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45
Q

What movement is generated by the triceps brachii at the elbow, and why?

A

Extension, muscle posterior to joint

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46
Q

What is the shape of the deltoid muscle?

A

Triangular

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47
Q

What are the attachment points of the deltoid muscle?

A

Scapula, clavicle, humerus (deltoid tuberosity)

48
Q

What part of the humerus does the deltoid muscle attach to?

A

The deltoid tuberosity

49
Q

What kind of fibres, and therefore types of movement, exist in the deltoid muscle?

A

Anterior fibres = flexion, posterior fibres = extension, lateral fibres = abduction

50
Q

What two muscles make up iliopsoas muscle?

A

Psoas major, iliacus

51
Q

What are the attachments of the psoas major muscle?

A

Starts at end of thoracic vertebrae and attaches down the lumbar vertebrae. Joins to the iliacus muscle

52
Q

What is the lateral attachment of the iliacus?

A

Ilium

53
Q

What movement is generated by the iliopsoas muscles, and why?

A

Flexion at the hip joint, muscles anterior to joint

54
Q

Where does the gluteus maximus muscle attach to bone?

A

the sacrum, hip bones, femur

55
Q

What movement is generated at the hip joint by the gluteus maximus, and why?

A

Extension, muscle lies posterior to joint

56
Q

What are the 4 muscles of the quadriceps femoris?

A

Rectus femoris, 3 vasti muscles (lateralis, intermedius, medialis)

57
Q

What is the most superficial muscle of the quadriceps femoris?

A

Rectus femoris

58
Q

What are the bone connections of the rectus femoris?

A

Attaches to the hip bone anteriorly/superiorly, and patella and tibial tuberosity anteriorly/inferiorly

59
Q

What movement is generated at the hip joint by the rectus femoris, and why?

A

Flexion, muscle lies anterior to the joint

60
Q

Where do the vasti muscles attach?

A

The patella and the femur

61
Q

What are the names of the vasti muscles?

A

Vastus lateralis, Vastus medialis, Vastus intermedius

62
Q

What movement is generated by the vasti muscles at the knee joint, and why?

A

Extension, muscles lie anterior to joint

63
Q

How many muscles make up the hamstrings?

A

3

64
Q

What are the muscles of the hamstrings?

A

Biceps femoris, semi-membranosus, semi-tendinosus.

65
Q

What are the attachments of the heads of the biceps femoris?

A

One head attaches to the ischium, One head attaches to the femur

66
Q

Where does the inferior end of the biceps femoris attach?

A

The fibula

67
Q

What is the physcial characteristic of the semi-membranosus muscle?

A

Very thin and flat, resembles a membrane

68
Q

What is the physical characteristic of the semi-tendinosus muscle?

A

Thin and long - resembles a tendon

69
Q

Where do the semi-membranosus and semi-tendinosus muscles attach?

A

The ischium (ischial tuberosity) and tibia

70
Q

What movement is generated by the hamstrings at the hip joint, and why?

A

Extension, muscle posterior to joint

71
Q

What movement is generated by the hamstrings at the knee joint, and why?

A

Flexion - posterior to knee joint, as well as rotation when flexed (condylar joint)

72
Q

What are the attachments of the tibialis anterior muscle?

A

Anterior of tibia, medial metacarpals

73
Q

What two types of movement is generated by the tibialis major muscle at the ankle joint, and why?

A

Flexion (dorsi flexion) - muscle anterior to joint. Adduction (inversion) - muscle medial to joint

74
Q

What muscles make up the triceps surae?

A

gastrocnemius and soleus

75
Q

What is the most superficial muscle of the triceps surae muscle?

A

gastrocnemius

76
Q

What is the deeper muscle of the trcieps surae?

A

Soleus

77
Q

What are the attachments of the gastrocnemius?

A

Posterior of the femur, calcaneous tendon (heel bone/ calcaneus)

78
Q

What movement is generated by the gastrocnemius muscle at the knee joint, and why?

A

Flexion - muscle is posterior to knee joint

79
Q

What are the attachments of the soleus muscle?

A

Head of the fibula, calcaneous tendon (heel bone / calcaneus)

80
Q

What movement is generated by the trcieps surae at the ankle joint, and why.

A

Extension (plantar flexion) - muscle lies posterior to joint

81
Q

Where does the achilles/calcaneous tendon attach?

A

The heel bone - calcaneous

82
Q

What is the primary agonist in the extension of the hip joint?

A

Gluteus maximus

83
Q

What is the primary agonist in the flexion of the hip joint?

A

Iliopsoas

84
Q

What muscle generates supination (rotation of the radius so it lies parallel to the ulna)?

A

Biceps Brachii, as it has its distal attachment on the radial tuberosity of the radius, allowing it to contract and pull on the radius so it crosses the ulna.

85
Q

What is a muscle synergist?

A

A muscle that contracts to help a muscle group work. A larger agonist will initiate the action, and the synergist will work along side to stabilise or provide additional pull

86
Q

What is the difference between a muscle insertion and a muscle origin?

A

An origin is a muscle attachment where the bone is fixed in place during muscle action. Contraction of the muscle will pull the muscle insertion towards the origin.

87
Q

What are the origins of the deltoid?

A

Clavicle and Scapula

88
Q

What is the insertion of the deltoid?

A

Deltoid tuberosity of humerus

89
Q

What is the origin of the biceps brachii?

A

Scapula (coracoid process), scapula

90
Q

What is the insertion of the biceps brachii?

A

Radius (radial tuberosity)

91
Q

What are the origins of trcieps brachii?

A

Humerus, scapula

92
Q

What is the insertion of trcieps brachii?

A

Ulna (Olecranon)

93
Q

What are the key origins of the gluteus maximus?

A

Ilium (iliac crest), sacrum,

94
Q

What is the insertion of the gluteus maximus?

A

Gluteal tuberosity of femur

95
Q

What is the origin of the iliacus?

A

Iliac fossa

96
Q

What is the insertion of the iliacus muscle?

A

Femur

97
Q

What is the origin of psoas major?

A

Lower vertebrae

98
Q

What is the order of the muscles of the hamstrings, medial to lateral?

A

Semi-membranous, Semi-tendonosus, Biceps femoris

99
Q

What is the order of the muscles of the quadriceps femoris (medial to lateral)?

A

Vastus medialis, Rectus Femoris & Rectus intermedius (the latter is deep to the former), Vastus lateralis.

100
Q

What is the origin of biceps femoris?

A

Ischial tuberosity and femur

101
Q

What is the insertion of biceps femoris?

A

Head of fibula

102
Q

What are the origins of semi-membranous and semi-tendonosus?

A

Ischial tubersoity

103
Q

In general, where do all of the hamstrings originate?

A

Ischial tuberosity

104
Q

Where is the insertion of the semi-membranous and semi-tendonosus?

A

The tibia

105
Q

What is the origin of rectus femoris?

A

Ilium (anterior inferior iliac spine)

106
Q

What is the insertion of rectus femoris?

A

Tibia (tibial tuberosity)

107
Q

What are the origins of the vasti msucles?

A

Femur

108
Q

What are the insertions of the vasti muscles?

A

Tibial tuberosity

109
Q

What is the origin of tibialis anterior?

A

Tibia

110
Q

What is the insertion of tibialis anterior?

A

Medial metacarpal

111
Q

What is the origin of gastrocnemius?

A

Femoral condyles

112
Q

What is the insertion of gastrocnemius?

A

Calcaneous via calcaneal tendon

113
Q

What are the names of the two heads of biceps brachii?

A

Long head and Short head

114
Q

Where does the long head of biceps brachii attach?

A

The scapula

115
Q

Where does the short head of biceps brachii attach?

A

The scapula

HUBS191 2022 (36 decks)

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