lecture 2 - anatomical terminology Flashcards
What is homeostasis?
The way the body maintains conditions in the internal environment by using regulatory mechanisms that ensure variables do not shift too far from the set point.
What is feedback in terms of homeostasis?
When the body responds to a change in a controlled variable to restore it to normal.
What is feed forward in terms of homeostasis?
When something that will affect a controlled variable is anticipated, the body will act to minimise the effect.
Describe the anatomical position
Upright, face and palms forward, feet together.
What are the parts of the upper limb?
Arm, forearm, hand, pectoral girdle (scapula and clavicle)
What is the anatomical name for the arm?
Upper limb
What is the anatomical name for the leg?
Lower limb
What are the parts of the lower limb?
Thigh, leg, foot.
Closer to the front?
Anterior
Closer to the back?
Posterior
Closer to the top/above?
Superior
Closer to the bottom/below?
Inferior
Closer to midline?
Medial
Further from midline?
Lateral
Of the limb; closer to trunk attachment
Proximal
Of the limb; further from the trunk attachment
Distal
Closer to the centre of the body?
Deep
Closer to the outside of the body?
Superficial
What are the three planes that divide the body?
Sagittal, coronal, transverse
What is the sagittal plane?
The plane which divides the body vertically into left and right.
What plane results in two mirrored halves of the body?
Midsaggital plane or Median plane
What is the coronal plane?
Divides the body vertically into front and back sections.
What is the transverse plane?
Divides the body into top and bottom sections/cross sections
What plane is back and forwards movement in?
Sagittal
What plane is side to side movement in?
Coronal
What plane is rotating movement around a vertical axis in?
Transverse
What is flexion, and what plane is it in?
Decreases the angle of a joint, and brings limb parts together. In the sagittal plane.
What is extension, and what plane is it in?
Increasing the angle at a joint to maximum, sagittal plane.
What are the two sagittal movements of the feet?
Dorsiflexion, Plantarflexion
What is dorsiflexion?
Flexing feet upwards
What is plantarflexion?
Pointing toes/foot towards the ground
What are the two types of coronal plane movement?
Abduction and adduction
What is abduction, and what plane is it in?
Moving limb away from the midline in the coronal plane.
What is adduction, and what plane is it in?
Movement of a limb towards the midline, in the coronal plane
What plane is rotation in?
Transverse
What are the two types/directions of rotation?
Lateral and medial (away and towards the midline)
What are the two types of transverse movement of the forearm?
Pronation and Supination
What is pronation?
Rotation of the forearm so that the ulna and radius bones cross and the palm faces the posterior
What is supination?
Rotation of the forearm so that the radius and ulna are parallel, and the palm is facing the anterior
What are the coronal movements of the feet?
Inversion and eversion
What is inversion?
When the foot is moved so that the sole is inverted towards the midline
What is eversion?
When the foot is moved so that the sole faces away from the midline.
