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neuroanatomy 2021 > Lecture 3: Venous drainage and cerebrum > Flashcards

Lecture 3: Venous drainage and cerebrum Flashcards

1
Q

Drainage of the blood from the brain

A

within the brain to the heart …

  • = drain into

fine veins (brain) - pial (pia mater) venous plexuses - cerebral veins - dural venous sinuses - internal jugular vein - heart

also feeding into the dural venous sinuses are the veins from the scalp through the emissary veins

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2
Q

Venous sinuses

A

• between two layers of dura mater
• receive venous blood from brain and scalp
• receive CSF
e.g. superior sagittal sinus

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3
Q

two layers of the dura mater =

A

periosteal (closer to the scalp) and the meningeal layer

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4
Q

Draining the superior and deep structures

A 
1 - superior sagittal sinus 
2-inferior sagittal sinus 
3 - Straight sinus 
4 - transverse sinus 
5 - sigmoid sinus
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5
Q

Superior sagittal sinus

A
  • lies along the superior margin of the falx cerebri
  • joins the transverse sinus (right)
  • Arachnoid villi drain the CSF into the superior sagittal sinus
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6
Q

Inferior sagittal sinus

A
  • lies along the inferior margin of the falx cerebri

- joins straight sinus

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7
Q

Straight sinus

A

within tentorium cerebelli - protected by this dural surface

Joins left transverse sinus

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8
Q

Transverse sinus

A

one on each side (left and right)
left is continuous with the straight sinus
right is continuous with superior sagittal sinus

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9
Q

confluens in the brain

A

confluence of sinuses is the connecting point of the superior sagittal sinus, straight sinus, and occipital sinus. It is found deep to the occipital protuberance of the skull.

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10
Q

Sigmoid sinus

A

S shaped
forward continuation of the transverse sinus
opens into the internal jugular vein

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11
Q

Cavernous sinus

A

one on each side - right and left
lateral to pituitary gland, linked with venous channels
drains into the superior petrosal sinus into the transverse sinus
drains into the inferior petrosal sinus into the internal jugular vein

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12
Q

Draining the inferior structures

A

cavernous sinus

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13
Q

Infection in emissary veins

A

Veins can contribute to the spread of infection

problem because infection of scalp can end up in meninges infected which is meningitis

• The facial skin around the nose and upper lip also drains (via the ophthalmic veins) to the cavernous venous sinus - meninges around here can also be affected

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14
Q

Functional areas of the cerebral cortex

A

motor areas
sensory areas
association areas

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15
Q

Motor areas

A

voluntary motor functions therefore innervating skeletal muscle

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16
Q

sensory areas

A

conscious awareness of sensation

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17
Q

association areas

A

integrating diverse information for purposeful action

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18
Q

conscious behaviour involves

A

the entire cortex

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19
Q

How to fin the central sulcus on model

A

1 - find sulcus running parallel to the cerebral tissue
2 - go to the point where it terminates and then jump over this gyrus
3 - central sulcus is now found

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20
Q

Superior frontal gyrus location

A

The superior frontal gyrus is the medial most gyrus of the frontal lobe’s superolateral surface, running from the frontal pole anteriorly, all the way to the precentral sulcus and precentral gyrus posteriorly.

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21
Q

Inferior frontal gyrus location

A

The inferior frontal gyrus makes up the lateral and inferior surface of the frontal lobe and is separated from the middle frontal gyrus above by the inferior frontal sulcus.

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22
Q

Middle frontal gyrus location

A

The middle frontal gyrus is part of the superolateral surface of the frontal lobe, located between the superior frontal sulcus and inferior frontal sulcus, which respectively separate it from the superior frontal gyrus and inferior frontal gyrus.

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23
Q

Frontal lobe gyri

A

superior frontal
middle frontal
inferior frontal

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24
Q

Frontal lobe sulci

A

superior frontal

inferior frontal

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25
Q

Inferior frontal gyrus contains

A

Opercular - ‘lips’, sitting at the entry level of the lips of the lateral sulcus
Triangular
Orbital - eyes sits in orbit which is inferior to it

Brocas area = opercular and triangular, important area for speech

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26
Q

Primary (somatic) motor cortex

A

somatic means that it goes to body wall

precentral gyrus (receiving information from other motor areas)

“Somatotopy” “little man”
Motor Homunculus
• Area of cortex related to specific region is proportional to the amount of motor control over that region. - lots of neurons at the face and fingers because a lot of fine control is required
• Each pyramidal neuron projects its axon to spinal
cord.

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27
Q

Primary (somatic) motor cortex controls …

A
  • controls skilled voluntary movements of skeletal muscles
    (supplying about 30% of axons to the corticospinal tract = pyramidal tract)
  • controls muscles in body area having the most precise motor control - the face (expression), tongue (speech) & hands (typing, writing, holding etc)
  • the motor innervation of the body is contralateral
28
Q

Primary (somatic) motor cortex damage - occlusion of a branch of anterior cerebral artery

A
  • contralateral hemiplegia

* greatest in the lower limb

29
Q

Primary (somatic) motor cortex damage - occlusion of a branch of middle cerebral artery

A

• contralateral hemiplegia
• severe in the upper limb
and face

30
Q

Premotor cortex

A
  • Controls learned motor skills e.g. learning to play piano, learning to type
  • Coordinates the movement
  • Involved in planning the movement

Supplying about 30% of pyramidal tract axons

31
Q

Premotor cortex damage

A

blood supply lost causes inability to control learnt motor skills, coordinate movement and plan movement

32
Q

Supplementary and cingulate motor areas

A
  • Receive inputs from many other cortical areas and thalamus
  • Axons contribute to the corticospinal tract and are part of the integration system

supplementary motor area is particularly involved in speech

33
Q

Supplementary and cingulate motor areas damage

A

• Damage - loss of desired skilled movements and voluntary movements & speech

34
Q

Prefrontal cortex connections

A

Has extensive connections with parietal, temporal and occipital lobes

35
Q

Phineas Gage

A

He became extravagant and anti-social, a foul- mouth and a liar with bad manners, and could no longer hold a job or plan his future.
“Gage was no longer Gage”

36
Q

Prefrontal cortex function

A
  • involved with intellect, complex learning abilities (cognition), recall and personality
  • matures slowly and is heavily dependent on positive and negative feedback from one’s social environment
  • closely linked to the emotional part of the brain (limbic system) and plays a role in intuitive judgment and mood
37
Q

Prefrontal cortex damage

A

• damage to the prefrontal cortex results in mental and personality disorders

38
Q

Parietal lobe features

A 
post central gyrus
superior parietal lobule 
intraparietal sulcus 
inferior parietal lobule 
supra marginal gyrus 
angular gyrus (sits at end of superior temporal sulcus)
39
Q

Primary somatosensory cortex

A

involved in sensation

postcentral gyrus

40
Q

Sensory homunculus

A

The area of the cortex dedicated to the sensations of various body parts is proportional to how sensitive that part of the body is

41
Q

Function of primary somatosensory cortex

A
  • Spatial discrimination (neurons can identify the body region being stimulated)
  • Receive sensory information from contralateral side - e.g. right side is resembling information from the left side of the body
42
Q

Damage of primary somatosensory cortex - Occlusion of a branch of anterior cerebral artery

A
  • contralateral sensory loss

* greatest in the lower limb

43
Q

Damage of primary somatosensory cortex - occlusion of a branch of middle cerebral artery

A

• contralateral sensory loss
• severe: upper limb
and face

44
Q

Superior parietal lobule =

A

somatosensory association cortex

45
Q

somatosensory association cortex function

A

superior parietal lobule

integrating different sensory inputs relayed via the primary somatosensory cortex to produce a comprehensive understanding
• position of limbs
• location of touch or pain
• shape, weight & texture of an object

46
Q

damage to the somatosensory association cortex

A

unable to recognize objects without looking at them

47
Q

Occipital lobe features

A

Parieto-occipital sulcus
calcarine sulcus
Primary visual sulcus - the gyri forming the walls of the calcarine sulcus

48
Q

Visual association area

A

• communicates with the primary visual cortex
• interprets visual stimuli (identify the things we see)
(* faces are recognized in temporal lobe)
We do our “seeing” with cortical neurons in this area - retina first captures the information from the eyes and then it is processed into ‘seeing’ here

49
Q

Temporal lobe features

A 
superior temporal gyrus 
middle temporal gyrus 
inferior temporal gyrus 
superior temporal sulcus 
Inferior temporal sulcus
50
Q

Ventral surface features of the temporal lobe

A 
inferior temporal gyrus 
rhinal sulcus 
uncus 
parahippocampal gyrus 
collateral sulcus 
occipitotemporal sulcus

Deep structures on the ventral surface = hippocampus (learning and memory), amygdala (emotion)

51
Q

Hippocampus function

A

learning and memory

deep in the brain

52
Q

Amygdala function

A

(almond)
emotion - particularly anger
associated with uncus

53
Q

Deep structures on ventral surface (between frontal and occupital lobes)

A 
thalamus
hippocampus
fimbria (fimbria becomes the fornix)
fornix (in midline) 
septum pellucidum (in the midline)
54
Q

auditory association area is also called

A

wernickes area

55
Q

Wernickes/auditory association area

A
  • perception of sound stimulus
  • store memories of sounds
  • involved in the language process
56
Q

Primary auditory cortex

A

is sensitive to pitch, rhythm & loudness (or softness)

transverse temporal gyri is its location

57
Q

Insular lobe function

A

Possibly

  • emotion
  • homeostasis
  • cognition
  • perception, self-aware
58
Q

Insular lobe location

A

The insular cortex is located deep within the lateral sulcus of the brain.

it is not visible from the surface

59
Q

Broca’s area

A

Motor Speech Area
• The opercular & triangular parts of inferior frontal gyrus
• Generates motor program for larynx, tongue, cheeks & lips involved in speech production
• Transmits that to primary motor cortex for action
• Becomes active when
preparing to speak
• present in one hemisphere only (usually the left)

60
Q

Damage to Broca’s area

A

nonfluent aphasia

  • slow speech, difficulty in choosing words
  • entire vocabulary may be 2 to 3 words

unable to speak fluently

61
Q

Wernicke’s area

A
  • Sensory Language Area
    • The auditory association cortex (posterior part of the superior temporal gyrus)
    • Permits recognition of spoken & written language
    • Creates plan of speech (based on what we heard)
62
Q

Damage to Wernicke’s area

A

fluent aphasia
- speech normal & excessive, but makes little sense
- no understanding of the meanings of words
nor able to repeat them

63
Q

Frontal lobe functions include…

A

Frontal lobe contains voluntary motor functions

and areas for language, planning, mood/personality, social judgment and smell

64
Q

Parietal lobe functions include…

A

Parietal lobe contains areas for sensory reception and integration of sensory information

65
Q

Occipital lobe functions include…

A

Occipital lobe is visual center of brain

66
Q

Temporal lobe functions include …

A

Temporal lobe contains areas for hearing, smell,

learning, memory and emotional behavior

67
Q

Insular lobe functions include …

A

Insular lobe

Possibly linked to emotion, homeostasis, cognition, perception, self-awareness.

neuroanatomy 2021 (32 decks)

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