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neuroanatomy 2021 > Lecture 1: Revision of brain, spinal cord and meninges > Flashcards

Lecture 1: Revision of brain, spinal cord and meninges Flashcards

1
Q

The CNS is the

A

integrating and command centre

integrating sensory information, command referring to motor output

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2
Q

The PNS is the

A

communication system linking all parts of the body to the CNS, via nerves

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3
Q

CNS=

A

brain and spinal cord

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4
Q

PNS =

A

Peripheral and cranial nerves (cranial nerves are a type of peripheral nerves)

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5
Q

Brain major divisions

A

Forebrain
Brainstem
Cerebellum

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6
Q

Spinal cord major divisions

A

None - just spinal cord

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7
Q

Forebrain

A 
Cerebral hemispheres (left and right) - cerebrum is the name that collectively names the hemispheres 
Diencephalon
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8
Q

Brainstem

A

Midbrain
Pons
Medulla
(pons + medulla = hindbrain)

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9
Q

Hindbrain

A

part of the brain stem

pons+medulla = hindbrain

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10
Q

Cerebellum

A

part of the brain subdivision of the CNS

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11
Q

Brain weighs approx

A

1.5 kgs

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12
Q

Cerebrum is ____% of brain volume

A

83%

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13
Q

Cerebellum contains ____% of neurons

A

50%

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14
Q

What is posterior and inferior to the cerebrum?

A

cerebellum

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15
Q

Superior also called

A

dorsal

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16
Q

anterior also called

A

rostral

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17
Q

posterior also called

A

caudal

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18
Q

inferior also called

A

ventral

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19
Q

Midsagittal cut =

A

through the midline

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20
Q

Nerve tissue contains two basic cell types …

A

1 - neurons (nerve cells)

2 - support cells (glial cells)

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21
Q

Neurons (nerve cells)

A

highly specialized, excitable cells
have high metabolic rate
provide rapid (within milliseconds) and specific communication between regions of the body

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22
Q

Support cells (glial cells)

A
  • 4 types
  • structural support
  • regional metabolism - insulation
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23
Q

What are the 4 types of glial cells?

A

astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, microglia, ependymal cells

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24
Q

Astrocytes function

A

support structurally, regional metabolism

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25
Q

Oligodendrocytes function

A

insulation in the CNS

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26
Q

Microglia function

A

Immune cells

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27
Q

Ependymal cell function

A

Line ventricles, move cerebrospinal fluid

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28
Q

Grey matter

A

(Neuron cell bodies)
Nucleus (CNS)
Ganglion (PNS)

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29
Q

White matter

A

(Axons)

Lipid material in myelin sheaths gives white appearance

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30
Q

Ganglion is a

A

collection of neuron cell bodies in the PNS

e.g. the dorsal root ganglion

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31
Q

Grey and white matter location in the brain

A

Sitting on the outside and also some on the inside and between the two is the white matter

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32
Q

Grey and white matter location in the spinal cord

A

Spinal cord has grey matter on the inside and white matter on the outside

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33
Q

Why is there grey matter on the outside of the cerebrum?

A

On outside in cerebrum but not spinal cord because cerebrum is folded to give extra surface area which means that we can put more nerve cells on the edge that has been folded and we need more nerve cells put there because of our capacity to think, move and speak

34
Q

Dura mater is

A

the first later of the meninges that you see when you take the skull away

35
Q

Gyri

A

Hill tops

36
Q

Sulci

A

valleys

37
Q

Fissure

A

separates large regions of the brain

deep sulcus

38
Q

cortex of the brain is

A

grey matter

39
Q

Main lobes of the brain

A

Frontal lobe, temporal lobe, parietal lobe, occipital lobe and the cerebellum

40
Q

Insula location

A
  • is buried deep within the lateral sulcus & forms part of its floor
  • is covered by portions of the temporal, parietal & frontal lobes
41
Q

Central sulcus

A

Separates the frontal lobe from the parietal lobe

42
Q

Lateral sulcus

A

separates the frontal and parietal lobes from the temporal lobe.

43
Q

Transverse fissure

A

separates the cerebrum from the cerebellum

44
Q

What sulci can you see from superior surface?

A

central sulcus

45
Q

What sulci can you see from lateral surface?

A

transverse fissure
central sulcus
lateral sulcus

46
Q

What sulci can you see from the medial surface?

A

Parieto-occipital sulcus

Transverse fissure

47
Q

Parieto-occipital sulcus

A

separates the parietal and occipital lobes

48
Q

Note about the pituitary gland

A

pituitary gland, inferiorly part of the diencephalon

49
Q

Spinal cord extends from …. and ends where

A

Extends from the foramen magnum (base of the skull) to first or second lumbar vertebra

50
Q

Width and length of spinal cord

A

About the width of your thumb, approximately 42 cm long

51
Q

how many pairs of spinal nerves are there?

A

31 pairs

52
Q

What does the spinal cord provide?

A

provides two-way street of information to (afferent/sensory) and from (efferent/motor) the brain

53
Q

How many enlargements are there on the spinal cord?

A

two - cervical enlargement and the lumbar enlargement

54
Q

Enlargements of the spinal cord

A

where the nerves serving the upper and lower limbs arise , enlarged to house these neurons

more neurons particularly motor neurons for limb movement

55
Q

Conus medullaris (medullary cone)

A

The tapered, lower end of the spinal cord. It occurs near lumbar vertebral levels 1 (L1) and 2 (L2), occasionally lower. … After the spinal cord tapers out, the spinal nerves continue to branch out diagonally, forming the cauda equina.

56
Q

Filum terminale (terminal Filum)

A
  • extends from the conus medullaris to the posterior surface of the coccyx

anchors the spinal cord

The filum terminale is continuous with the pia mater

57
Q

Cauda equina (pony tail)

A
  • the collection of nerve roots at the inferior end of the vertebral canal
    Why?
    • After birth the vertebral column grows faster than spinal cord. Nerves have to grow down in order to innervate more inferior structures
58
Q

Cross section of spinal cord

A

Grey matter is centrally located, white matter is peripherally located

posterior media sulcus

anterior median fissure - bigger space anteriorly due to blood vessels therefore it is a tissue

dorsal roots = afferent fibres connect to dorsal root fanglion, send sensory impulses to the cord

ventral root = efferent fibres, axons to effector organs

spinal nerve = mixed fibres

59
Q

Spinal cord injuries

A

Paralysis - loss of motor function
Paresthesias - sensory loss
•~260 new spinal cord injuries each year in NZ
• 80% SCI are males aged 15-35 years

60
Q

Paralysis

A

loss of motor function

61
Q

Paresthesias

A

sensory loss

62
Q

The severity of spinal cord injury depends on

A

what level the injury occurs at

63
Q

C1-C4 spinal cord damage

A

high tetraplegia - cannot move upper and lower limbs

64
Q

C5-C8 spinal cord damage

A

low tetraplegia - some movement in upper limbs, no movement in lower limbs

65
Q

Thoracic, lumbar or sacral injuries

A

paraplegia = no movement in lower limbs, still movement in the upper limbs

66
Q

SPinal cord injuries can either be

A

complete or incomplete

67
Q

ventral horn damage on spinal cord on the left side causes

A

motor (paralysis) on the right side of the body

68
Q

dorsal horn damage on spinal cord on the right side causes

A

sensory loss on left side

69
Q

Meninges

A

Protection of the brain and spinal cord

Membranes that are associated with the brain

prevents the sort tissue of brain damaging itself on the skull which is a hard tissue

3 layers

  • dura mater (external)
  • arachnoid mater (intermediate)
  • pia mater (internal)

• Large subarachnoid space, within which is
cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)
• Form the partitions within the skull (dura)

70
Q

dura mater

A

tough mother

• Thick layer of connective tissue surrounding the brain

• Very Tough ( hard to stretch, collagen within it so it has tensile strength)
- providing main
support and protection

71
Q

Two layers of the dura mater

A

periosteal layer and meningeal layer

2 layers of dura mater separate and form large dural venous sinuses (between the two layers) e.g. the superior sagittal sinus

72
Q

Meningeal layer folds

A

• extends inward to form flat partitions e.g. falx cerebri
- subdivide the cranial cavity
- limit excessive movement of the brain
within the cranium

73
Q

Falx cerebri seperates….

A

forms a partition between the two cerebral hemispheres

74
Q

Tentorium cerebelli seperates…

A

forms a partition between the cerebellum and cerebrum

75
Q

Falx cerebelli seperates…

A

forms a partition between two cerebellar hemispheres

76
Q

Falx cerebri

A

sickle shaped

  • Lies in median sagittal plane (in longitudinal fissure)
  • Partially separates cerebral hemispheres
77
Q

Attachments of flax cerebri anteriorly and posteriorly

A

attaches to crista galli, anteriorly

attaches to upper surface of tentorium cerebelli in the midline, posteriorly

78
Q

Tentorium cerebelli

A
  • more horizontal plane

* separates cerebrum from cerebellum

79
Q

Falx cerebelli

A
  • Smaller dural fold runs along the vermis (midline of cerebellum) of the cerebellum
  • Separates two cerebellar hemispheres
80
Q

Subdural space

A
  • The space between meningeal dura mater & arachnoid mater
    • Very narrow, contains a film of fluid

• May be enlarged by bleeding
(= subdural haemorrhage)

neuroanatomy 2021 (32 decks)

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