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neuroanatomy 2021 > Lab 3 Neuroanatomy > Flashcards

Lab 3 Neuroanatomy Flashcards

1
Q

the three parts of the brainstem

A

midbrain
pons
medulla

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2
Q

brainstem

A

The brainstem connects the spinal cord to the cerebrum. Some of the cranial nerves (covered in this week’s lab) arise from the brainstem and many important nuclei associated with the motor and sensory pathways are located within the brainstem.

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3
Q

Most rostral part of brainstem

A

midbrain

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4
Q

most caudal part of the brainstem

A

medulla

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5
Q

Midbrain consisting mainly of

A

the cerebral peduncles

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6
Q

pons characterised by

A

the transverse cerebellopontine fibres

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7
Q

medulla containing

A

cranial nerve nuclei

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8
Q

How are the cerebral peduncles and optic tracts related to each other on the lateral surface of the brainstem?

A

The optic tracts wrap around the cerebral peduncles laterally, i.e. they travel from an anterior position to a posterolateral position where they enter the thalamus.

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9
Q

Medulla regions

A

open and closed

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10
Q

open medulla

A

Open medulla is at the level of the fourth ventricle

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11
Q

closed medulla

A

closed medulla is the portion below the fourth ventricle.

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12
Q

ventral =

A

anterior

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13
Q

dorsal =

A

posterior

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14
Q

rostral =

A

superior

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15
Q

caudal =

A

inferior

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16
Q

structures you can locate on the medulla

A

pyramids
olives
trigeminal fasiculus

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17
Q

pyramids location

A

medulla

The pyramids, paired ridges on either side of the midline.

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18
Q

olives location

A

medulla

The olives, more rounded bulges of the inferior olivary nucleus, lying lateral to
the pyramids

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19
Q

trigeminal fasiculus location

A

medulla

The trigeminal fasciculus and nucleus of the trigeminal nerve, lying lateral to
the olive, and inferior to the cuneate tubercle.

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20
Q

What type of fibres, motor or sensory, are found in the pyramids?

A

Pyramids are anterior, and therefore contain motor fibres

part of the corticospinal tract, the pyramids are the point of crossing over for this tract

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21
Q

at what level of the medulla are the olives found?

A

open medulla

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22
Q

which cranial nerve emerges from the medulla between the pyramid and olive?

A

hypoglossal nerve which is nerve number twelve

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23
Q

With which spinal cord structures are the gracile and cuneate tubercles continuous?

A

Gracile and Cuneate fasciculi/tracts – tubercles contain nuclei for the tracts

closed medulla

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24
Q

Cerebellum has two

A

hemispheres

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25
Q

hemispheres of the cerebellum are connected medially by the

A

vermis

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26
Q

surface of the cerebellar hemispheres are folded and the ridges formed by these folds are known as

A

folia (leaves)

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27
Q

Three divisions of the cerebellum

A

Each hemisphere has three divisions; anterior and posterior lobes divided from each other by the primary fissure and the flocculonodular lobe, which is made up of the flocculi (found in each hemisphere) and the nodule (found in the midline at the end of the vermis). Functionally the anterior and posterior lobes are important in movement coordination and the flocculonodular lobe is important for adjustments of posture to maintain balance.

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28
Q

With which lobes of the cerebral hemispheres is the cerebellum in contact?

A

Basal portions of the occipital and temporal lobes

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29
Q

Which brainstem regions are overlapped by the cerebellum?

A

Pons and medulla

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30
Q

Ventral aspect of the cerebellum rests on the

A

foramen magnum; a shallow circular groove on the cerebellar surface indicates that relationship

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31
Q

tonsil of the cerebellum

A

The portion of the cerebellar cortex between that groove and the medulla is the tonsil. In pathological conditions with rapidly increasing intracranial pressure, the tonsils may be pushed between the medulla and the edges of the foramen magnum. Death can occur by compression of the centres of the medulla controlling respiration and blood pressure.

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32
Q

arbor vitae

A

in the cerebellum, in a horizontal section, the arrangement of white matter as the arbor vitae

Note that the white matter is covered by a thin layer of cerebellar cortex (gray matter) which covers all the surface of the cerebellum.

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33
Q

There are four nuclei embedded within the white matter of the cerebellum….

A

These nuclei are known as the fastigial, emboliform, globose and dentate nuclei. Only one of these nuclei - the dentate nucleus is large enough to be seen with the naked eye.

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34
Q

The cerebellum is attached to the brainstem by the _______ cerebellar peduncles

A

3

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35
Q

Cerebellar peduncles in the intact brain

A

note that only the middle peduncle is clearly visible in the intact brain. The inferior and superior peduncles are more readily seen in isolated cerebella.

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36
Q

Middle cerebellar peduncle

A

which is continuous with the pons. This contains only afferent axons (for example, axons from the contralateral pontine nuclei as part of the cortico-pontine-cerebellar tract).

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37
Q

Inferior cerebellar peduncle

A

by which the cerebellum is attached to the dorsolateral aspect of the medulla. This contains afferent axons chiefly (eg. sensory axons from muscle proprioceptors) and some efferent axons.

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38
Q

Superior cerebellar peduncle

A

arising from the dorsal surface of the midbrain, under the cover of the occipital lobes. This contains efferent axons chiefly that arise from the deep cerebellar nuclei and can terminate in either the red nucleus or the thalamus (and then to the cerebral cortex).

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39
Q

Superior medullary velum

A

which is more substantial than the inferior, and is visualised by elevating and retracting the superior part of the cerebellum; it roofs in the space between the converging superior cerebellar peduncles and the cerebellum.

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40
Q

Inferior medullary velum

A

or its remnants, roofing in the gap between the diverging inferior peduncles and the cerebellum. Note this is not always visible.

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41
Q

fourth ventricle

A

expanding on the dorsum of the brainstem under cover of the cerebellum. This ventricle can only be seen in specimens with the cerebellum removed.

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42
Q

how are the superior and inferior medullary vela related to the fourth ventricle?

A

These structures form the roof of the fourth ventricle

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43
Q

Cranial nerves I and II arise from

A

forebrain

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44
Q

Cranial nerves III to XII arise from

A

brainstem

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45
Q

structures that enter/exit - foramen magnum

A

medulla oblongata
spinal cord
spinal root of accessory nerve

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46
Q

structures that enter/exit - cribriform plate of the ethmoid bone with olfactory foramen

A

olfactory nerves

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47
Q

structures that enter/exit - optic foramen

A

optic nerves (II)

48
Q

structures that enter/exit - superior orbital fissure

A

cranial nerves III, IV, V1 and VI

49
Q

structures that enter/exit - carotid canal

A

Internal carotid artery

50
Q

structures that enter/exit - foramen rotundum

A

Maxillary branch of the trigeminal nerve

51
Q

structures that enter/exit - foramen ovale

A

Mandibular branch of the trigeminal nerve

52
Q

structures that enter/exit - foramen spinosum

A

middle meningeal artery

53
Q

structures that enter/exit - jugular foramen

A

internal jugular vein

glossopharyngeal, vagus, accessory
cranial root of accessory

54
Q

structures that enter/exit - hypoglossal canal

A

hypoglossal nerve

55
Q

structures that enter/exit - internal auditory meatus

A

Vestibulocochlear nerve

facial

56
Q

pituitary fossa in the

A

sphenoid bone

57
Q

foramen of olfactory nerve

A

cribriform plate of ethmoid bone

58
Q

number of olfactory nerve

A

1

59
Q

function of olfactory nerve

A

sensory - smell

60
Q

path of the olfactory nerve

A

Numerous fine nerves are attached to the olfactory bulb, which is part of the brain. The nerves, which have ascended through the cribriform plate of the ethmoid to reach the olfactory bulb, possess the characteristics of peripheral nerves.

61
Q

foramen of the optic nerve

A

optic foramen

62
Q

number of the optic nerve

A

2

63
Q

function of the optic nerve

A

sensory - sight

64
Q

path of the optic nerve

A

This is an outgrowth of brain matter (it is a tract and not a peripheral nerve) and it extends forward from the optic chiasm. At the chiasm about 50% of optic nerve fibres cross to enter the opposite optic tract.

65
Q

foramen of oculomotor nerve

A

superior orbital fissure

66
Q

number of the oculomotor nerve

A

3

67
Q

function of the oculomotor nerve

A

motor - innervates most of the muscles controlling eye movement

68
Q

path of the oculomotor nerve

A

This nerve emerges from the midbrain at the interpeduncular fossa, and supplies some of the extrinsic eye muscles.

69
Q

foramen of trochlear nerve

A

superior orbital fissure

70
Q

number of trochlear nerve

A

4

71
Q

function of trochlear nerve

A

motor - eye movement

72
Q

path of trochlear nerve

A

This is the only cranial nerve arising from the dorsal aspect of the brain, and it can be found curving around the cerebral peduncle. It is also the smallest cranial nerve. It is very difficult to see on most of the brains.

73
Q

foramen of trigeminal nerve

A

V1= superior orbital fissure, V2=foramen rotundum, V3=foramen ovale

74
Q

number of trigeminal nerve

A

5

75
Q

function of trigeminal nerve

A

Sensory (V1, V2 and V3) – sensation from eye and skin of face, Motor (V3) – innervation of muscles of mastication.

76
Q

path of trigeminal nerve

A

This large nerve arises from the pons. In addition to its large sensory component, it
possesses a small motor part, both of which should be visible.

77
Q

foramen of abducens nerve

A

superior orbital fissure

78
Q

number of abducens nerve

A

6

79
Q

function of abducens nerve

A

motor - innervates lateral rectus muscles, abducts the eye

80
Q

path of abducens nerve

A

This slender nerve will be found close to the midline at the junction of the pons and the
medullary pyramid.

81
Q

foramen of facial nerve

A

internal acoustic meatus, stylomastoid foramen

82
Q

number of facial nerve

A

7

83
Q

function of facial nerve

A

Motor – muscles of facial expression, Sensory – taste from anterior tongue

84
Q

path of facial nerve

A

This nerve passes out from the brainstem lateral to the abducens at the lateral edge of
the pontomedullary junction.

85
Q

foramen of vestibulocochlear nerve

A

Internal acoustic meatus

86
Q

number of vestibulocochlear nerve

A

8

87
Q

function of vestibulocochlear nerve

A

Sensory - hearing and balance

88
Q

path of vestibulocochlear

A

The two nerves constituting this are found at the cerebellopontine angle, immediately
lateral to the facial nerve.

89
Q

foramen of glossopharyngeal

A

Jugular foramen

90
Q

number of glossopharyngeal

A

9

91
Q

function of glossopharyngeal

A

Motor – swallowing. Sensory – taste from posterior tongue

92
Q

path of glossopharyngeal

A

This nerve is found lateral to the vestibulocochlear nerve.

93
Q

foramen of vagus nerve

A

jugular foramen

94
Q

number of vagus nerve

A

10

95
Q

function of vagus nerve

A

Motor – pharynx, larynx, and heart. Sensory – visceral sensation

96
Q

path of vagus nerve

A

This nerve arises from the medulla, just lateral to the olive.

97
Q

foramen of accessory nerve

A

jugular foramen

98
Q

number of accessory nerve

A

11

99
Q

function of accessory nerve

A

Motor – pharynx, larynx and innervates trapezius and sternocleidomastoid

100
Q

path of accessory nerve

A

These nerves emerge as a series of fine rootlets, in sequence, along the postolivary
sulcus of the medulla immediately lateral to the olive.

101
Q

foramen of hypoglossal nerve

A

hypoglossal canal

102
Q

number of hypoglossal nerve

A

12

103
Q

function of hypoglossal nerve

A

motor - muscles of tongue

104
Q

path of hypoglossal nerve

A

This nerve emerges as a series of rootlets, between the olive and pyramid.

105
Q

Bell’s palsy

A

Paralysis of the facial nerve resulting in inability to control facial muscles on the affected side

106
Q

possible causes for bells palsy

A

Infection of the facial nerve in the facial canal.
Common infectious causes of sudden onset facial paralysis include such conditions as Lymes disease, Epstein Barre, Herpes Simplex and HIV disease, among others.

107
Q

CT scans - pros and cons

A

CT scans are produced using x-ray imaging techniques and give good definition of dense structures, such as bone. It is also good for imaging blood, due to the density of iron molecules found in haemoglobin. These dense structures appear bright white in CT images. Soft tissue definition is not good in CT images.

108
Q

MRIs - pros and cons

A

MRIs use the magnetic properties of hydrogen ions within the body and their interaction with an external magnetic field or radiowaves. MRIs provide good soft tissue definition and gray and white matter structures can easily be distinguished. The lab has examples of both T1 and T2 weighted MRIs. In both T1 and T2 images the gray matter images (appears) brighter than the white matter, which appears greyish. In T2 weighted images the CSF images brightly. Thus the ventricles, in particular, appear very bright.

109
Q

association fibres

A

Association fibres stay within the same hemisphere

110
Q

commissural fibres

A

commissural fibres cross from one hemisphere to the other

111
Q

projection fibres

A

projection fibres synapse in deep nuclei, the brainstem or spinal cord.

112
Q

projection fibres examples

A

fornix

internal and external capsules

113
Q

projection fibres - fornix

A

Fornix: Subdivided into column, body, fimbria. The column runs upwards from the mamillary bodies; merge with the body which, in a midsagittal section, disappears from sight deep to the splenium of the corpus callosum. The body reaches the roof of the inferior horn of the lateral ventricle and becomes the fimbria. Viewed as an entity the fornices of each side meet in a body as their columns come up out of each mammillary body.

114
Q

projection fibres - internal and external capsules

A

Internal and external capsules: The internal capsule is mass of myelinated axons, lying between the lenticular nucleus laterally and the thalamus and caudate nucleus more medially. Consists of three parts - anterior and posterior limbs and a genu.

A number of important fibre bundles run in the internal capsule, including the corticospinal, corticobulbar and thalamocortical fibres . The visual radiation also runs through it. The external capsule forms the lateral border of the putamen, and fibres from all the cortical lobes enter the external capsule and connect the putamen and globus pallidus.

115
Q

Commissure fibres examples

A

anterior commissure
corpus callosum
posterior commissure

116
Q

commissure fibres - anterior commissure

A

Anterior commissure: Interconnects the olfactory bulbs, olfactory cortex, amygdaloid nuclei and neocortex in the region of the middle and inferior temporal gyri.

117
Q

commissure fibres - corpus callosum

A

Corpus callosum: Largest of the commissures. Divided into a rostrum, genu, body and splenium; forms the roof of the anterior horn and body of the lateral ventricle. Connects widespread areas of the cerebral cortex.

neuroanatomy 2021 (32 decks)

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