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neuroanatomy 2021 > Lab 2 Neuroanatomy > Flashcards

Lab 2 Neuroanatomy Flashcards

1
Q

which dural fold/s are superior and inferior sagittal sinuses associated with

A

Superior and inferior sagittal sinuses are located within the superior and inferior margins of the falx cerebri.

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2
Q

which dural fold/s is transverse sinus associated with

A

Transverse sinus is located in the tentorium cerebelli.

tightly linked

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3
Q

which dural fold/s is superior petrosal sinus associated with

A

Superior petrosal sinus is located in the tentorium cerebelli.

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4
Q

which dural fold/s is confluens associated with

A

Confluens is located at the junction of the tentorium cerebelli and the falx cerebri.

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5
Q

Function of the venous sinuses

A

collecting pools of the blood which drain the CNS, face and scalp

All of the dural venous sinuses ultimately drain into the internal jugular vein

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6
Q

which dural fold/s is straight sinus associated with

A

tentorium cerebelli (within)

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7
Q

When can the sulci of the brain be seen

A

when the arachnoid has been removed

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8
Q

Central and lateral sulcus

A

The central sulcus runs approximately from the midpoint of the cerebrum at the longitudinal fissure towards the posterior end of the lateral sulcus, which is the largest sulcus on the lateral surface of the brain.

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9
Q

Parietooccipital sulcus

A

The parieto-occipital sulcus is mainly present on the medial surface of the brain, although its terminal portion extends onto the lateral surface near the longitudinal fissure.

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10
Q

Which lobes does the central sulcus separate?

A

frontal and parietal lobes

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11
Q

Which lobes does the lateral sulcus separate?

A

seperates temporal from parietal and frontal lobes

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12
Q

Which lobes foes the parietooccipital sulcus separate?

A

seperates parietal and occipital lobes on the medial surface of the hemisphere

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13
Q

precentral gyrus is

A

motor cortex

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14
Q

post central gyrus is

A

somatosensory cortex

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15
Q

The superior, middle and inferior frontal gyri, and the superior and inferior
frontal sulci running ___________

A

sagittally

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16
Q

Premotor cortex and prefrontal cortex

A

premotor cortex, within the posterior part of the frontal lobe (in front of the precentral gyrus). Anterior to this, the remainder of the frontal lobe (at the pole area) is the prefrontal cortex and functionally is related to personality. After prefrontal lobotomy, personality changes, compulsiveness of behaviour and a release of inhibitions are common.

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17
Q

Inferior frontal gyrus

A

The inferior frontal gyrus. This is divided into opercular, triangular and orbital portions. The opercular part is continuous with the precentral gyrus. Between the opercular and triangular parts the ascending limb of the lateral fissure is found. In the dominant hemisphere, the opercular and triangular parts are the centres for expressive speech (Broca’s
area).

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18
Q

Intraparietal sulcus seperates

A

divided by an intraparietal sulcus into superior and inferior parietal lobules. All parietal gyri are sensory cortical centres.

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19
Q

Inferior parietal lobule

A

The inferior parietal lobule consists of the supramarginal and angular gyri. The supra marginal gyrus surrounds the posterior end of the lateral fissure. The angular gyrus surrounds the posterior end of the superior temporal sulcus.

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20
Q

Inferior temporal gyrus

A

The inferior temporal gyrus extends into the basal surface of the brain.

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21
Q

Transverse temporal gyri

A

At the posterior end of the superior temporal gyrus, two transverse gyri (runs medially behind lateral sulcus) may be seen running into the lateral sulcus. These are the transverse temporal gyri (Heschl), which are mainly out of sight on the medial aspect of the superior temporal gyrus. These gyri are associated with auditory reception.

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22
Q

Wernicke’s area

A

Wernicke’s receptive speech area is found within the superior temporal gyrus (posterior part) of the dominant hemisphere.

23
Q

Insula

A

The insula is a cone-shaped portion of the cerebral cortex, which is seen by gently pulling apart the borders (opercula) of the lateral sulcus.

24
Q

Calcarine sulcus/fissure

A

located on the medial surface and runs in the horizontal plane. The nervous tissue adjacent to this sulcus is associated with vision.

25
Q

diencephalon

A

The diencephalon, together with the paired cerebral hemispheres, comprise the forebrain. Functional centres for the integration of information passing from the spinal cord and brainstem to the cerebral hemispheres are contained within the diencephalon, which also aids in the integration of motor and visceral activities.

26
Q

three parts of the diencephalon

A

thalamus
hypothalamus
epithalamus

27
Q

What structure divides the diencephalon into symmetrical halves?

A

third ventricle/septum pellucidum

28
Q

Large grey mass below the fornix

A

thalamus

29
Q

below and slightly rostral to the thalamus

A

hypothalamus

30
Q

mamillary bodies are part of the

A

hypothalamus

31
Q

Remnants of the pituitary (hypophyseal stalk) at the

A

inferior boundaries of the hypothalamus, just posterior to the optic chiasm

32
Q

Pulvinar

A

The pulvinar is the largest nucleus of the thalamus and has strong connectivity with the visual cortex

(posterior end of the thalamus, best seen on the brainstem models)

33
Q

A man visits his optometrist complaining of headaches and problems with his vision. Examination revealed a loss of peripheral vision in both eyes. The patient was referred to an endocrinologist for further investigation. - What might account for his symptoms?

A

Pituitary tumour, putting pressure on the optic chiasm.

34
Q

A man visits his optometrist complaining of headaches and problems with his vision. Examination revealed a loss of peripheral vision in both eyes. The patient was referred to an endocrinologist for further investigation. - why was an endocrinologist involved?

A

Likely endocrine consequences from the tumour causing abnormal pituitary hormone secretion, with associated problems from other pituitary-dependent endocrine glands (adrenal, thyroid)

pituitary tumour is likely to release hormones in an unregulated fashion

35
Q

A man visits his optometrist complaining of headaches and problems with his vision. Examination revealed a loss of peripheral vision in both eyes. The patient was referred to an endocrinologist for further investigation. - Based on your knowledge of neuroanatomy, think about the possible treatments and potential complications.

A

Most likely, removal of tumour using transsphenoidal surgery (access through the nose to the base of the sphenoid bone of the skull).

36
Q

What does the basal ganglia consist of?

A

The caudate nucleus.
The lentiform nucleus (comprised of the putamen and globus pallidus).
The subthalamic nucleus.
The substantia nigra

37
Q

Grey matter structures of the basal ganglia have topographical relationships with …

A

the internal capsule and with the lateral ventricle

38
Q

Basal ganglia and structures it is specially close to …

A

The internal capsule has a posterior limb between the thalamus and the lentiform nucleus, and an anterior limb between the caudate nucleus and the lentiform nucleus.

39
Q

The lentiform nucleus consists of

A

The lentiform nucleus has an outer lamina, the putamen, which is continuous inferiorly with the caudate nucleus. The inner or more medial part, usually seen as two zones in relation to the genu of the internal capsule, is the globus pallidus, since it is paler than other gray masses in the cerebrum.

40
Q

external capsule

A

Lateral to the putamen is a narrow band of white matter, the external capsule.

41
Q

claustrum

A

Lateral to the external capsule is the claustrum (gray matter), with the extreme capsule and insular cortex yet further lateral.

42
Q

caudate nucleus

A

The caudate nucleus is a comma-shaped structure which narrows posteriorly and maintains a relationship to the lateral ventricle in its whole extent. Its head is in the inferolateral wall of the anterior horn; its body is in the floor of the body of the ventricle, and its tail lies in the roof of the temporal horn. Here it is considerably attenuated, before it expands again into the amygdaloid body in front of the tip of the temporal horn.

43
Q

Substantia nigra

A

The substantia nigra (literally, black substance) is found at the level of the rostral midbrain, with the subthalamic nucleus found superiorly and slightly laterally to it.

44
Q

Parahippocampal gyrus

A

The parahippocampal gyrus, medial to the collateral sulcus in its anterior part

on the inferior surface

45
Q

Uncus

A

the tip of the parahippocampal gyrus, folded back upon itself medially ( within which lies the amygdala).

46
Q

Hippocampal gyrus

A

The hippocampal gyrus, tucked under the free medial border of the temporal lobe; that is, the hidden half of the parahippocampal gyrus.

47
Q

Choroid fissure

A

Elevate the medial border of the temporal lobe and look for the choroid fissure in the depths of the space between the temporal lobe and brainstem. The choroid fissure derives its name from the large amount of choroid plexus within it.

from an inferior surface view

48
Q

Fornix

A

Subdivided into column, body, fimbria. The column runs upwards from the mamillary bodies; merge with the body which, in a midsagittal section, disappears from sight deep to the splenium of the corpus callosum. The body reaches the roof of the inferior horn of the lateral ventricle and becomes the fimbria. Viewed as an entity the fornices of each side meet in a body as their columns come up out of each mammillary body.

49
Q

Fimbrium

A

The fimbrium, a glistening mass of fibres, will be seen forming a medial boundary to the choroid fissure

50
Q

Dentate gyrus

A

The dentate gyrus, which is the gyrus medial to the fimbrium and which is the folded back end of the hippocampal gyrus

51
Q

Main part of the hippocampus can be seen when

A

The main part of the hippocampus, can only be seen in specimens in which the inferior horn of the lateral ventricle has been opened up (involves tearing of fibres)

52
Q

Corpus callosum

A

This is the biggest group of commissural fibres in the brain and is responsible for connecting corresponding parts of the two hemispheres. It comprises several different regions, which are from anterior to posterior; the rostrum, genu, body and splenium.

53
Q

What is the septum pellucidum …

A

his is a thin membrane beneath the corpus callosum, forming the boundary between the two lateral ventricles.

54
Q

what is the fornix and its relationship to other structures

A

fornix below the septum pellucidum. This is another band of white matter and connects the hippocampus to the mammillary bodies and is therefore an example of projection fibres.

neuroanatomy 2021 (32 decks)

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