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Histology > Lecture 3: Skin and Appendages > Flashcards

Lecture 3: Skin and Appendages Flashcards

1
Q

What is the Integument made up of ?

A

Stratified Squamous Epithelium (epidermis), which is keratinized and dermis, which is made up of connective tissue in 2 layers.

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2
Q

Hypodermis

A

is a layer of the skin and others consider it a superficial fascia overlying muscles that is mainly adipose tissue and connective tissue

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3
Q

What are the functions of the skin?

A

Barrier, Homeostasis, Immunologic, Sensory, Endocrine, and Excretion

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4
Q

What are the differences between the thin and thick skin?

A

Thick skin is mainly palms and sole of the feet. No hair follicles. While the thin skin is the rest of the body.

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5
Q

What layer does the thick skin have that the thin does not ?

A

Stratum Lucidum

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6
Q

What is apart of the thin skin that is not apart of the thick skin ?

A

Sebaceous Gland

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7
Q

What are the two layers ?

A

Epidermis and Dermis

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8
Q

Epidermis

A

is stratified squamous, keratinized epithelium and has 5 identifiable layers in thick skin

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9
Q

Dermis

A

connective tissue and has two identifiable layers

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10
Q

What are the 5 layers of the epidermis ?

A
  1. Stratum Germinativum
  2. Stratum Spinosum
  3. Stratum Granulosum
  4. Stratum Lucidum (only thick skin)
  5. Stratum Corneum
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11
Q

Stratum Germinativum

A

This is a mitotically active area.

- cubodial or columnar cells that rest on the basal lamina.

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12
Q

What are the stratum germinativum attached to ?

A

They are attached to the basal lamina by the hemidesmosomes

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13
Q

What are the adjacent cells of the stratum germinativum attached by ?

A

Desmosomes

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14
Q

Stratum Spinosum

A

Made up of polygonal cells that have spiny projections that form “intercellular bridges”
- Mitoses seen in this layer also

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15
Q

What are the intercellular bridges are now known to be locations of ?

A

Desmosomes

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16
Q

What are the contributions of the intercellular bridges ?

A

Cohesiveness of the epidermis .

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17
Q

What type of desmosomes are present in stratum spinosum?

A

Cytokeratin Type III

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18
Q

Malphigian Layer

A
  • is the stratum germinativum and stratum spinosum

- region of keratinocyte proliferation

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19
Q

Stratum Granulosum

A

characterized by basophilic granules, keratohyaline granules, and membrane coating granules

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20
Q

Keratohyaline granules

A

which are not membrane bound

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21
Q

Membrane Coating Granules

A

Membrane Bound Granules

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22
Q

What do these granules contain?

A

glycosaminoglycans and phospholipids that are extruded out into the extracellular space

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23
Q

What does is the role of having these granules ?

A
  • form a barrier to micro-organisms, foreign substances and most importantly water
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24
Q

What is the water barrier in the epidermis is partially formed by ?

A

lamellar bodies, secretion is high in lipids

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25
Q

What happens when the keratinocytes mature and differentiate ?

A

they produce keratin hyaline granules and lamellar bodies

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26
Q

What is the function of the keratin hyaline ?

A
  • increase in number and release their contents into the cytoplasm as the cell dies
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27
Q

Stratum Lucidum

A

most prominent in thick skin

- it is a translucent layer that is very acidophilic cells that do not have nuclei and organelles

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28
Q

Stratum Corneum

A
  • Flattened Keratin- filled cells

- Devoid of any organelles and nucleus

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29
Q

What is another name for stratum Corneum ?

A

horny cells or squams

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30
Q

1st Degree Burns

A

Damage to superficial epidermis

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31
Q

2nd Degree Burns

A

Epidermis completely destroyed

32
Q

3rd Degree Burn

A

Full-thickness burn

  • Destroys epidermis and dermis
  • Skin grafts are necessary
33
Q

What are the cells found in the Epidermis ?

A
  1. Keratinocytes
  2. Melanocytes
  3. Langerhans Cells
  4. Merkel Cells
34
Q

Keratinocytes

A
  • predominant cell type in the epidermis

- go through a very specialized differentiation to give rise to the protective dead cell layer ( stratum corneum)

35
Q

What is the origin of the Keratinocytes ?

A

Ectodermal Origin

36
Q

What is the origin of the Melanocytes ?

A

Neural Crest Origin

37
Q

Why are the Langerhans cells not attached ?

A

because they need to be able to wonder in and out

38
Q

What are the Langerhans Cells responsible for ?

A
  • engulfing invading microorganisms in the epidermis and presenting antigens to lymphoid cells in the dermis
39
Q

In AIDS and HIV positive patients, the Langerhans cell cytoplasm contain what ?

A
  • HIV-1 in their cytoplasm, and may serve as reservoir for the virus
40
Q

What technique must be used for the Langerhans cells ?

A
  • cells cannot be distinguished easily in H and E stained tissue
41
Q

Melanocytes are located ?

A

Stratum Germinativum

42
Q

How do the melanocytes maintain their epidermal-melanin units ?

A
  • can replicate slowly throughout life
43
Q

What are the melanocytes attached to ?

A
  • Hemidesmosomes
44
Q

What are the melanocytes not connected to ?

A
  • Keratinocytes by Desmosomes
45
Q

What is Cytocrine secretion ?

A
  • melanin granules are injected into keratinocytes
46
Q

Where is melanin predominantly in the skin?

A

Keratinocytes

47
Q

What is the position that melanin granules take ?

A
  • above the nuclei of keratinocytes in the strata germinativum and spinosum
48
Q

Where are merkel cells predominantly found ?

A

thick skin where touch is acute

49
Q

What are the two distinct layers of the Dermis ?

A
  • Papillary and Reticular
50
Q

What does the papillary contain ?

A
  • loose connective tissue containing fibroblasts, mast cells, and macrophages
51
Q

What does the reticular layer of the dermis include ?

A
  • Dense irregular CT composed of collagen fibers, type 1
52
Q

What are the appendages of the skin ?

A
  • Hair Follicles
  • Sweat Glands
  • Sebaceous Glands
  • Mammary Glands
  • Nails
53
Q

What are the two sweat glands ?

A
  • Eccrine Sweat-Glands

- Apocrine Sweat Glands

54
Q

How are the sweat glands developed ?

A
  • as invaginations of epidermis into the underlying connective tissue
55
Q

Eccrine Sweat Glands

A
  • simple, coiled tubular glands , secrete a non-viscous fluid.
  • Evaporation of the fluids cools skin
56
Q

What do sweat glands contain ?

A

Catabolites

57
Q

What are myoepithelial cells ?

A
  • are specialized cells that squeeze the secretions from the sweat acini
58
Q

Why are the eccrine sweat glands considered acidophilic ?

A
  • because they contain actin filaments
59
Q

What are apocrine sweat glands ?

A
  • specialized glands located in the axillary areolar and anal region
60
Q

What do the ducts in the apocrine sweat glands secrete ?

A
  • secrete viscous, odorless fluid

- the secretion attains a distinctive odor by the action of bacteria that reside on the skin

61
Q

The Sebaceous Glands are found where ?

A
  • skin of the lips, the glans penis and the clitoris where they are not associated with hair follicles
62
Q

What do the sebaceous glands secrete ?

A
  • secrete sebum by the holocrine secretion
63
Q

When do the sebaceous glands become more active ?

A
  • puberty
64
Q

What does the sebaceous glands respond to ?

A
  • hormones
65
Q

Sebaceous glands are an ideal spot for ?

A

Bacterial growth when they are clogged

66
Q

What type of cells are at the base of the gland ?

A

germinal cells

67
Q

What happens when the sebaceous glands fill with sebum ?

A
  • their nuclei become pyknotic and are eventually lost
68
Q

Nails

A

are plates of keratinized epithelial cells

- they are able to assess the oxygenation of blood

69
Q

nail root

A

germinal root

70
Q

nail bed

A
  • consists of stratum germinativum and stratum spinosum only ( the malpighain layer)
71
Q

Where does the epithelium of the nail bed arises from ?

A
  • nail matrix
72
Q

Nail matrix extends ?

A

deep to the root

73
Q

How does the nail grow ?

A
  • proximal end and slides over the nail bed, nail bed does not contribute to the nail plate
74
Q

Free Nerve Endings

A

unmyelinated axons that penetrate the basal lamina of the epidermis to enter the stratum germinativum and spinosum

75
Q

Meissner Corpuscles are abundant

A

in thick skin as well as in the skin of the lips and nipples

76
Q

Pacinian Corpuscle

A

found in the dermis and often, hypodermis, of both thick and thin skin

Histology (7 decks)

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