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Histology > L6 Blood > Flashcards

L6 Blood Flashcards

1
Q

What are the Embryonic Connective Tissue ?

A

Mesenchyme and Mucous CT

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2
Q

Adult Connective Tissue Proper:

A
  • Loose CT, Dense Irregular CT, and Dense Regular CT
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3
Q

Specialized Connective Tissue

A
  • Cartilage, Bone, Adipose Tissue, Blood, Hematopoietic Tissue, and Lymphatic Tissue
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4
Q

Blood

A

is a fluid specialized connective tissue which consists of cells and an extracellular components

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5
Q

What are the permanent residents ?

A
  • Fibroblasts, Macrophages, Adipose cells, Mast cells ,and Mesenchymal Stem Cells
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6
Q

What are the transient cells that migrate from the blood specialized CT ?

A
  • Lymphocytes. Plasma cells, Neutrophils, Eosinophils, Basophils, and Monocytes
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7
Q

Blood consists of ?

A

red blood cells, white blood cells and platelets and protein-rich plasma

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8
Q

What are the major proteins in the plasma ?

A
  • albumin, globulins ( non-immune and immunoglobulins), and Fibrinogen
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9
Q

What happens when blood is removed from the circulatory system without addition of anticoagulants ?

A

It will separate into blood clot and serum

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10
Q

Blood Clot

A

contains formed elements such as fibrin network ( an insoluble protein) with trapped cells

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11
Q

Serum

A

is plasma that lacks coagulation factors such as fibrinogen ( soluble protein)

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12
Q

Albumin

A

maintains pressure on the blood vessel wall

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13
Q

“Colloid Osmotic Pressure”

A

which assures the correct proportion of blood to tissue fluid volume

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14
Q

What happens to the colloid osmotic pressure when albumin leaks out of the blood vessels into the LCT ?

A
  • Decreases and Fluid Accumulates into the tissues
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15
Q

Basic Dyes

A
  • nuclei, granules of basophils, and cytoplasmic RNA
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16
Q

Acid Dyes

A
  • erythrocytes and granules of eosinophils
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17
Q

Erythrocytes Morphology

A

are very elastic and deformable and can pass through the smallest blood vessels and narrowest capillaries

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18
Q

What do the erythrocytes contain?

A
  • contain hemoglobin
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19
Q

How long do the erythrocytes circulate in the blood for ?

A

120 days

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20
Q

What does the erythrocytes transport ?

A

Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide between the lungs and other tissues

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21
Q

What is unique about the disk shape in the erythrocytes ?

A
  • facilitates the gas exchange

- allows more hemoglobin molecules to be close to the plasma membrane

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22
Q

What is the most prevalent hemoglobin group type in adults ?

A
  • 2 alpha and 2 bets chains
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23
Q

What is the main type in the fetus ?

A
  • 2 alpha and 2 gamma
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24
Q

What causes Sickle Cell Disease?

A
  • single point mutation in the gene that encodes beta-globin chain of hemoglobin A (HbA)
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25
Q

Why may the sickle cells lead to obstruction in the vessels ?

A
  • adhere more readily to endothelial surface
  • pile in the capillaries
  • deprive some parts of the tissues from oxygen and nutrients
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26
Q

What is a consequence of sickle cell anemia ?

A

stroke

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27
Q

Spectrin

A

actin-cross-linking proteins , that cross link actin filaments with each other

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28
Q

Erythrocytes Membrane Organization

A

consists of peripheral membrane proteins and integral membrane proteins

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29
Q

Peripheral Membrane Proteins

A

composed of cytoskeleton proteins, spectrin

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30
Q

Integral Membrane Proteins

A

determine blood groups, have attached antigens: A,B,O

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31
Q

Jaundice

A

yellowing of the skin or the sclera due to excess of the pigment bilirubin because of excessive breakdown of red blood cells

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32
Q

What are the hereditary defects in the erythrocytes ?

A
  • Hereditary Spherocytosis

- Hereditary Elliptocytosis

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33
Q

Hereditary Spherocytosis

A

spherical shape, mutation of proteins in ankyrin complex

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34
Q

Hereditary Elliptocytosis

A
  • elliptical shape; mutation of spectrin molecules
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35
Q

What are the granulocytes ?

A
  • have granules that stain specifically with certain dyes

- neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils

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36
Q

Argranulocytes

A
  • show azurophilic granules

- Lymphocytes and Monocytes

37
Q

Neutrophils

A
  • first line of defense against bacterial infection )innate immunity)
38
Q

What do the neutrophils contain?

A
  • specific granules ( secondary granules) and azurophilic granules (primary granules)
39
Q

Where is the heterochromatin in the nucleus ?

A

periphery of the nucleus

40
Q

Where is the euchromatin ?

A

center of the nucleus

41
Q

Barr Body

A

repressed X chromosome

42
Q

What happens when there is inactivation of the second X chromosome ?

A
  • prevent double dose of phenotypic attributes encoded by X chromosome
43
Q

neutrophils interact with endothelium through ?

A

their adhesion molecules such as integrin and s-Le carbohydrate on the neutrophils

44
Q

What are adhesion molecules of the selectins and immunoglobulin superfamily ?

A
  • intracellular adhesion molecule- 1 (ICAM-1) on endothelial cells
45
Q

What are the integrins activated by ?

A
  • chemokines from endothelial cells bind to ICAM-1
46
Q

What does the neutrophils do when there is inflammation ?

A
  • more adhesion molecules are induced on the surface on the neutrophils
  • Neutrophils extend pseudopods and migrate
47
Q

Neutrophils migrate how during inflammation

A
  • through opened junction by histamine and heparin released from the mast cells.
48
Q

When there is a site of injury , what must the neutrophils do ?

A
  • must recognize foreign substance, e.g., bacteria , and phagocytes it
49
Q

During a blood injury, what happens to the foreign material ?

A
  • specific and azurophilic granules release enzymes, and digest it
50
Q

What does the specific granules (secondary) consist of ?

A
  • inflammatory response

- contains bacteriostatic and bactericidal agents such as lysozyme

51
Q

What does the large specific granules contain?

A
  • histamine, heparan sulfate (vasoactive reagents-dilation of small blood vessels).
52
Q

Where are the vasoactive agents released from ?

A
  • basophils and mast cells
53
Q

What are the consequences of the vasoactive agents being released ?

A
  • vascular disturbances, hypersensitivity, and anaphylaxis
54
Q

What causes for the vasoactive agents to be released ?

A
  • antigens bind to immunoglobulins - E (IgE) on the surface of basophils
55
Q

What are the azurophilic granules

A
  • lysosomes
56
Q

Mast cells are ?

A
  • large granules with vasoactive : histamine, heparin, and immunoreactive substances
57
Q

where do mast cells arise from ?

A

bone marrow stem cells

58
Q

What is the purpose of the mast cells ?

A

mediate inflammatory response

59
Q

What may mast cells cause ?

A
  • systemic hypersensitivity reaction, allergy and anaphylaxis
60
Q

Major Basic Protein

A
  • eosinophil peroxidase eosinophil-derived neurotoxin
61
Q

What is the role of the eosinophil cationic proteins?

A
  • directed against helminth parasites
62
Q

Histaminase

A

degrade substances released by mast cells and basophils

63
Q

What are azurophilic granules involved in?

A
  • destruction of parasites and hydrolysis of Antibody-Antigen complexes
64
Q

When are eosinophils elevated in blood ?

A
  • allergic reaction
  • chronic inflammation
  • helminthic parasitic infections
65
Q

What are monocytes transformed into ?

A
  • activated macrophages
66
Q

What do the monocytes do while in the connective tissue?

A
  • increasing their capacity for phagocytosis
67
Q

What does the monocytes do to foreign material ?

A
  • ingest microbes (phagocytose)
68
Q

Where do the monocytes destroy the microbes ?

A

intracellular vesicles

69
Q

What do the monocytes become ?

A

osteoclasts in bone

70
Q

Where are the macrophages from ?

A

blood monocytes

71
Q

What are macrophages ?

A
  • cytoplasm contains granules and/ or vacuoles

- nucleus is irregular

72
Q

What does the active macrophages have ?

A
  • numerous phagocytic vesicles

- abundant lysosomes

73
Q

What happens when the lymphocytes get active ?

A

become active

74
Q

What are the main functional cells of the lymphocytes ?

A
  • t-cells, b-cells, and natural killer cells (NK)
75
Q

What is the unique role of the lymphocytes ?

A
  • may re-circulate after leaving the bloodstream
76
Q

What is the life span of the T-cells ?

A
  • long life-span
77
Q

What is the T-cell involved in ?

A

cell-mediated immunity

78
Q

What is the B-cell involved in ?

A

activated (plasma cell) produce antibody

79
Q

Plasma are derived from?

A

B-cell

80
Q

What does the rER (basophilia) produce, package, and secrete?

A

immunoglobulins

81
Q

What appearance does the nucleus of the plasma have ?

A

cart wheel

82
Q

What are the 4 zones of the platelets (thrombocytes) ?

A
  • Peripheral Zone
  • Structural Zone
  • Organelle Zone
  • Membrane Zone
83
Q

Where the platelets derived from ?

A

large polyploid megakaryocytes

84
Q

Cytoplasmic Granules of the “Organelle Zone” :

A
  • serotonin, Histamine, and ADP,
  • Fibrinogen, Coagulation Factors,
  • Plasminogen, platelet-derived growth factor repair
  • blood coagulation and platelet aggregation
85
Q

What can serotonin do ?

A

Vasoconstrictor

86
Q

What is the function of platelets ?

A
  • surveillance of blood vessels, blood clot formation, and repair of injured tissue
87
Q

What events leading to the restoration of the normal blood flow ?

A
  • Serotonin, vasoconstrictor
  • ADP and Thromboxane
  • Soluble Fibrinogen is converted to fibrin
88
Q

What does the ADP and thromboxaneA2 cause ?

A
  • platelet aggregation forming primary hemostatic plug
89
Q

What does the soluble fibrinogen do ?

A
  • converted to fibrin

- forms loose mesh over the initial plug and secondary hemostatic plug is formed

Histology (7 decks)

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