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Mammals, diversity and behaviour > Lecture 3- Parental Investment > Flashcards

Lecture 3- Parental Investment Flashcards

1
Q

What is fitness?

A

The degree to which an individuals genes are present in the next generation

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2
Q

What are the two key components of fitness?

A

Direct and indirect fitness

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3
Q

What is direct fitness?

A

The degree to which an individuals genes are present in the next generation as a consequence of breeding by the individuals concerned

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4
Q

What is indirect fitness?

A

The degree to which an individuals genes are present in the next generation as a consequence of assisting in the breeding of related individuals

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5
Q

What is inclusive fitness?

A

An individuals total fitness

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6
Q

What does inclusive fitness equal?

A

Indirect fitness + direct fitness

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7
Q

What is an approximate measure of inclusive fitness?

A

Lifetime reproductive success (LRS)

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8
Q

What is natural selection?

A

The process by which favourable heritable traits accumulate in a population due to differential reproduction of genotypes

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9
Q

What is sexual selection?

A

The process by which favourable heritable traits that increase ability to secure or attract mates accumulate in a population

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10
Q

What is intra sexual selection?

A

Male-male competition (ability of males to compete with each other directly)

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11
Q

What is inter sexual selection?

A

Female choice (concerned mainly with attractiveness of males to females)

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12
Q

What is kin selection?

A

Process by which favorable heritable traits aimed at assisting related individuals accumulate in a population

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13
Q

What is an alloparent?

A

An animal exhibiting parent-like behaviour to a juvenile of a related individual

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14
Q

What is alloparental care?

A

Parent-like behaviours undertaken by a non parent animal

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15
Q

3 examples of alloparental care?

A

Allosucking, provisioning, babysitting

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16
Q

What is altruism/reciprocity/reciprocal altruism?

A

The process which favourable heritable traits aimed at assisting unrelated individuals accumulate in a population

17
Q

What are evolutionary stable strategies?

A

Strategy that cannot be invaded by another strategy

18
Q

What does breeding lower?

A

Longetivity

19
Q

What is semelparity?

A

Single act of reproduction during lifetime

20
Q

What is iteroparity?

A

More than one act of reproduction during lifetime

21
Q

What is reproductive senescene?

A

Reproductive output declines with age

22
Q

What is polygyny?

A

Males mate with more than one female but each female mates with only one male

23
Q

What is polyandry?

A

Females mate with more than one male but each male mates with only female

24
Q

What is polygynandry?

A

Males mate with more than one female and each female mates with more than male

25
Q

What are the benefits of multiple mating from a male perspective?

A

Increased number of young produced and decrease likelihood of genetic incompatibility with female partners

26
Q

What are the benefits of multiple mating from a female perspective?

A

Decrease genetic incompatibility, obtain genetic benefits, increased likelihood of conceiving, confuse males

27
Q

Why is confusing males a benefit of multiple mating from a female perspective?

A

Receive paternal care, reduce risk of infanticide

28
Q

Possible benefits of infanticide to males?

A

Nutritional benefits, increase reproductive opportunities, prevent misallocating paternal care

29
Q

Costs of multiple mating?

A

Increased risk of STIS’s, spread of other contact mediated infections, mating related injuries, sperm competition

30
Q

What are the counter strategies used by males to counter female multiple mating strategies (7)?

A

Mate guarding, increase frequency of mating, post-copulatory lock, mating plugs, increased testes size, sperm morphology, male behaviour

31
Q

How can females bias production of young?

A

Infanticide, in utero mortality

Mammals, diversity and behaviour (13 decks)

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