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Mammals, diversity and behaviour > Lecture 1 - Characteristics and evolution > Flashcards

Lecture 1 - Characteristics and evolution Flashcards

1
Q

What is the definition of DENTARY?

A

Single bone in jaw

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2
Q

What is the definition of HETERODONTIC?

A

Different types of teeth

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3
Q

An example of mammals which have a near absence of hair?

A

Naked mole rat, cetaceans (dolphins)

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4
Q

An example of a mammal that is not diphyodontic?

A

Elephant

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5
Q

An example of a mammal that is secondarily homodontic?

A

Toothed whales e.g. orcas

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6
Q

Example of mammals that have lost teeth?

A

Platypus, anteater

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7
Q

Definition of a monotreme mammal?

A

A mammal which lacks a placenta

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8
Q

Definition of a choriovitelline placenta?

A

Embryo develops from yolk sack, seen in marsupials

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9
Q

Definition of a chorioaallantoic placenta?

A

A placenta which develops later in pregnancy from embryotic membranes

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10
Q

Definition of endothermy?

A

Reliance on internal body heat to raise temperature - seen in mammals and birds

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11
Q

Definition of homeothermy?

A

Maintenance of temperature at a relatively constant level

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12
Q

What does a four-chambered heart do?

A

Improve circulation, more efficient

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13
Q

What does a more complex lung allow for?

A

More efficient oxygen exchange

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14
Q

What does the elongation of limbs facilitate?

A

Increased acceleration, speed and maneuverability

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15
Q

Why did shorter tails develop?

A

No longer required as counterbalance for rest of the body

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16
Q

How many external openings do monotremes have?

A

One: cloaca: anus, bladder, vagina

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17
Q

How many external openings do marsupials have?

A

Two: anus and cloaca

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18
Q

How many external openings do placentals have?

A

Three: Anus, urethra, vagina

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19
Q

What are specialised skin glands used for?

A

Temperature regulation
Communication
Rearing of offspring

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20
Q

When did amniota arise?

A

Carboniferous period (360 mya)

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21
Q

What is amniota characterized by?

A

Shelled egg

22
Q

What are the three main lineages by the end of the carboniferous period?

A

Anapsids
Synapsids
Diapsids

23
Q

How many temporal openings do anapsids have and what did they give rise to?

A

0 temporal openings

Turtles

24
Q

How many temporal openings do synapsids have and what did they give rise to?

A

1 temporal opening

Mammals

25
Q

How many temporal openings do diapsids have and what did they give rise to?

A

2 temporal openings

Lizards and snakes

26
Q

In late Carboniferous, what did synapsids diversify into?

A

Pelcosaurs and Therapsids

27
Q

Were pelcosaurs or therapsids dominant in late Carboniferous?

A

Therapsids

28
Q

What four major advances did therapsids show?

A

Increased jaw musculature, erect gait, expansion of cerebellum, start of secondary palate

29
Q

When did therapsid dominance end?

A

The end of Permian/Triassic (245 mya)

30
Q

What were the next group of dominant terrestrial vertebrates after therapsids?

A

Archosaurs

31
Q

When were archosaurs dominant and how long for?

A

Dominant throughout Mesozoic Era for 180 million years

32
Q

Which group of therapsids survived?

A

Cynadonts

33
Q

What 2 major advances did cynadonts, the group of therapsids that survived extinction, show?

A

Enlarged dentary bone, completion of secondary palate

34
Q

In late Triassic what did cynadonts give rise to?

A

Early mammals

35
Q

What four new traits did early mammals show?

A

Hair, mammary glands, specialised skin glands, molars and jaw that allow shearing action

36
Q

What arose in early Jurassic?

A

Ancestor of modern Prototherians

37
Q

What two traits did early prototherians exhibit?

A

Three ear ossicles, modified vertebrae and long bones

38
Q

When did the ancestor of modern Therian mammals arise?

A

Late Jurassic

39
Q

What two traits did early Therians exhibit?

A

Modification of braincase and vertical tympanic membrane

40
Q

What three traits did late Therians exhibit?

A

Chorioallantoic placenta, long gestation and brown adipose tissue

41
Q

When did rise of mammals begin?

A

Cenozoic Era

42
Q

What were the major groups in the Carboniferous era?

A

Amniotes and Synapsids

43
Q

What was the major group in the Carboniferous/Permian era?

A

Therapsids

44
Q

What was the major group in the Permian/Triassic era?

A

Cynodonts

45
Q

What was the major group in the Triassic era?

A

Early mammals

46
Q

What was the major group in the Early Jurassic era?

A

Ancestor of Prototherians, today represented by monotremes

47
Q

What was the major group in the Late Jurassic era?

A

Ancestor of Therians, today represented by marsupials and placentals

48
Q

What occurred in the Cenozoic era, tertiary period?

A

Age of mammals

49
Q

What occurred in the Cenozoic era, quartenary period, Pleistocene epoch?

A

Ice age, homo erectus

50
Q

What occurred in the Cenozoic era, quartenary period, Holocene epoch?

A

Rise of homosapiens

Mammals, diversity and behaviour (13 decks)

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