Lecture 10- Habitat loss and fragmentation Flashcards
What rank is agriculture and aquaculture?
Rank 2
How many mammal species in total does agriculture and aquaculture affect?
1628
What are the four different types of agriculture and aquaculture and how many mammal species does each one affect?
a) ANNUAL/PERNNIAL NON-TIMBER CROPS - 1413
b) WOOD & PULP PLANTATIONS - 200
c) LIVESTOCK FARMING AND RANCHING - 594
d) MARINE AND FRESHWATER AQUACULTURE - 16
What rank is residential and commercial development?
Rank 3
How many mammal species does residential and commercial development affect in total?
736
What are the three types of residential and commercial development and how many mammal species does each one affect?
a) HOUSING AND URBAN AREAS - 672
b) COMMERCIAL AND INDUSTRIAL AREAS - 84
C) TOURISM AND RECREATION AREAS - 109
What are the key components of modern intensive agriculture?
1) Land requirements
2) Yield per unit area - chemical fertilisers, selective breeding
3) Reducing losses - biological or chemical control, predator control
4) Market size - market is now international
5) Patterns of consumption
Land % of global land area of arable land?
10.8%
Land % of global land area of pasture land?
26.6%
Land % of global land area of forest land?
30.5%
What is a global hectare?
Measure of productive land available to be exploited
How many calories on average are people in the developed world consuming per day?
3300
How many calories on average are people in the developing world consuming per day?
2600
7 conversation impacts of agriculture and urbanization?
1) Habitat loss
2) Habitat fragmentation
3) Predator control
4) Global warming
5) Chemical pollution
6) Any infectious or non-infectious agent that impacts or involves wildlife
7) Erosion and degradation
Conversation impacts of agriculture and urbanization: Habitat Loss
Lose structurally diverse habitats and replace with pasture or cereal monocultures
Loss of spatial heterogeneity
Mitigation- Create more nature reserves/protected areas
- Habitat restoration
- Small packets of non-agricultural land in landscape
Conversation impacts of agriculture and urbanization: Habitat Fragmentation
Features which act as barriers (e.g. roads, rail lines, utility networks and matrix habitats) Effects include: Mortality Isolation of habitat fragments Restricted gene flow Reduced genetic diversity Localised extinctions Formation of metapopulations
Mitigation - Bridges, overpasses, underpasses, tunnels, wildlife corridors
Conversation impacts of agriculture and urbanization: Predator Control
Carnivores killed mainly because they kill livestock but also because they can kill humans
Mitigation - Mainly through predator control
Guard animals
Compensation schemes
Translocation of problem animals
Conversation impacts of agriculture and urbanization: Global Warming
Major greenhouse gases are carbon dioxide and methane:
a) habitat shifting and alteration
b) extreme weather events
c) temporal mismatches
d) change in nutritional quality
e) hibernators
f) decline in ice coverage
g) increase in ice coverage
h) trophic cascades
Conversation impacts of agriculture and urbanization: Chemical Pollution
Mitigation - Changes in permissible compounds
- Prevent getting into environment
- Reduction of non-target effects
Conversation impacts of agriculture and urbanization: Any infectious or non-infectious agent that impacts or involves wildlife
Fields of interest are:
a) zoonotic infections
b) emerging infectious disease
c) diseases of livestock
d) mammal conservation
e) biological control
i) European rabbit: myxomatosis
ii) Domestic cat: feline panleukopenia virus
Management:
1) isolate infected animals
2) cull infected animals
3) vaccinate
4) select disease resistant animals
Disease management restricts opportunity for co-evolution of host and disease
Conversation impacts of agriculture and urbanization: Erosion and degradation
70% of land
