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Microbial world > Lecture 3 and 4 > Flashcards

Lecture 3 and 4 Flashcards

1
Q

How can microorganisms be classifed?

A

Nutritional pattern (source of energy and carbon)

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2
Q

What two groups can chemotrophs and phototrophs be divided into?

A

Autotroph

Heterotroph

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3
Q

What do autotrophs use as a carbon source?

A

CO2 (anabolic)

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4
Q

What do heterotrophs use as a carbon source?

A

Organic carbon (catabolic)

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5
Q

What do chemoautotrophs do?

A

Oxidise inorganic compounds to produce chemical energy,

use energy to reduce CO2

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6
Q

What inorganic compounds to chemoautotrophs oxidise?

A

Hydrogen sulfied
Elemental sulfur
Ferrous iron
H2

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7
Q

What organisms are chemoautotrophs?

A

Usually bacteria/archaea living in hostile environments

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8
Q

Name an organism that oxidises ferrous iron (Fe2+)

A

Acidithiobacillus ferroxidans

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9
Q

Give an example of an organism oxidises hydrogen sulfide

A

Beggiatoa

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10
Q

Give an example of an organism that oxidises sulphur

A

Acidithiobacillus thiooxidans

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11
Q

Give an organism that oxidses ammonia

A

Nitrosomonas

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12
Q

Give an organism that oxidises nitrite into nitrate

A

Nitrobacter

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13
Q

What groups do chemoheterotrophs include?

A

Fungi, most protozoa, most bacteria

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14
Q

What are the carbon and energy source that chemoheterotrophs use?

A

Organic molecules (e.g. glucose, glycogen, cellulose)

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15
Q

Name some photoautotroph micro-organisms.

A

Photosynthetic bacteria

Algae

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16
Q

Give examples of photosynthetic bacteria.

A

Green and purple sulphur bacteria

Cyanobacteria

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17
Q

How do cyanobacteria/algae photosynthesise?

A

Oxidise H2O to O2

oxygenic

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18
Q

How do green and purple sulphur bacteria photosynthesise?

A

Oxidise H2S to sulfur
No O2 produced
(anoxygenic)

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19
Q

What microorganisms are photoheterotrophs?

A

Green non-sulphur and purple non-sulphur bacteria

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20
Q

What are photoheterotrophs usually?

A

Anoxygenic (do not produce oxygen)

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21
Q

What is diversity the result of?

A

3.8 billion years of evolution

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22
Q

What is the size of a cocci in diameter?

A

0.2-2 microM

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23
Q

What is the length of a typical rod?

A

2-8 microM long

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24
Q

What is the typical size of a eukaryotic cell?

A

10-100 microM

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25
What is the structure of the prokaryotic flagella?
Simple: 2 proteins
26
What is the structure of the eukaryotic flagella?
Complex: multiple microtubules
27
Do bacteria or archea have histones?
Bacteria don't | Archaea do
28
What is the must abundant group of living organisms on Earth?
Bacteria
29
How do bacteria divide?
Binary fission
30
What type of growth does binary fission result in?
Exponential growth
31
What type of ribosome do bacteria have?
70S
32
What are bacterial cells enclosed in?
Cell membrane and rigid cell wall
33
Where is peptidoglycan found in bacteria?
The cell wall
34
What is peptidoglycan?
Sugar polymer
35
What is the bacterial cell membrane composed of?
Unbranched fatty acid chains attached to glycerol by ester linkages
36
Name 5 shapes of bacteria.
``` Coccus Rod Spirillum Spirochete Filamentous ```
37
What name is given to two cocci linked together in a pair? What about 4? What about a chain?
Diploccci, tetrad | Streptococci
38
What are the three main groups of archaea?
Methanogens Extreme halophiles Extreme thermophiles
39
What nutritional group do archaea predominantly belong to?
Chemoautotrophs
40
Who proposed that archaea are a distinct group?
Woese and fox (1977)
41
What ribosome do archaea have?
70S, but unique to archaea
42
What do archaea cell walls have?
Some have S-layer | Some have psuedopeptidoglycan
43
What is an S layer?
Proteins/glycoproteins 5-25nm thick Poorly conserved
44
What are archaea membranes composed of?
Branched hydrocarbon chains attached to glycerol by ether linkages
45
What molecules do fungi degrade to produce energy?
Ligin, cellulose
46
What is chitin?
Polymer of N-acetylglucosamine
47
Give an example of unicellular fungi
Candida albicans
48
What are multicellular fungi (molds, mushrooms) composed of?
Mycelium made of vegetative hyphae
49
What is the type of big mushroom called?
Armillaria ostoyae
50
How big is the big boi?
8.9km^2 in Oregon (USA)
51
How do multicellular fungi reproduce asexually?
Hyphal fragmentation | Sporgangia
52
How do multicellular fungi reproduce sexually?
Gametangia
53
Some fungi can switch to grow as a mold or yeast. These are said to be ______.
Dimorphic
54
Name a dimorphic fungi
Blastomyces dermatitidis
55
Where does blastomyces dermatitidis normally live?
Soil that contains organic debris, lives as mycelium
56
What does the unicellular form of Blastomyces dermatitidis cause when it infects mammals?
Blastomycosis
57
What triggers the switch from mycelium to yeast in B. dermatitidis?
37 degree C switch
58
What nutritional group do protozoa belong to?
Chemoheterotrophs (hunters and grazers)
59
Name some free living protozoa.
Paramecium, Amoeba
60
Name some parasitic protozoa.
Plasmodim, Trypanosoma, Giardia
61
Protozoa are unicellular or multicellular?
Unicellular
62
Do protozoa have cell walls?
No
63
How do protozoa move?
Psuedopodia Flagella Cilia
64
What protozoa reproduce sexually by fusion of gametes?
Plasmodium
65
What protozoa can produce cysts?
Giardia, Entamoeba
66
What are 3 ways protozoa reproduce asexually?
Binary fission Schizogony Budding
67
What is schizogony?
The nucleus divides many times before the cell divides
68
What drives the photosynthetic machinery of algae?
Cyanobacteria
69
What do algae cell walls contain?
Cellulose
70
Why aren't algae plants?
They lack organs found in plants (roots, leaves)
71
Who started the modern biological classification system?
Carl Linnaeus
72
What was Carl Linnaeus' two major ideas?
1. Scientific nomenclature | 2. Natural classification
73
What was Linnaeus' idea about natural classification?
Grouped species according to shared physical traits to reveal natural order of life
74
What were the 2 classifications Linnaeus came up with?
Vegetabilia | Animalia
75
Who came up with the most modern classification taxonomies before domains were elevated above kingdoms?
Whittaker (1969)
76
What bacteria causes whooping cough?
Bordetella pertussis (gram negative)
77
What bacteria causes cholera?
Vibrio cholerae
78
What bacteria causes boils on the skin?
Staphylococcus aureus
79
Why classify micro-organisms?
- Accurate diagnosis - Appropriate treatment - Analysis of transmission
80
What are 3 limitations to using physical traits to classify bacteria?
- Don't necessarily reveal relatedness - Don't reveal biology - Don't reveal phylogeny
81
Who developed the use of rRNA gene sequences for uncovering bacteria phylogeny?
Carl Woese
82
What is the small rRNA contained in the ribosome of bacteria and eukaryotes?
16S in bacteria | 18S in eukaryotes
83
Why were SSU rRNA genes used?
Present in all cellular organisms Function essential for survival Changes acquire slowly
84
What is SSU rRNA said to function as?
A molecular clock- because it measures evolutionary relatedness of sequneces
85
What did Woese et al do to the taxonomic classifications in the 1990's?
He elevated domains (bacteria, archaea, eukarya) above kingdoms
86
What are the 8 taxonomic rankings?
Domain, kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species

Microbial world (12 decks)

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