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Microbial world > Lecture 3 and 4 > Flashcards

Lecture 3 and 4 Flashcards

1
Q

How can microorganisms be classifed?

A

Nutritional pattern (source of energy and carbon)

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2
Q

What two groups can chemotrophs and phototrophs be divided into?

A

Autotroph

Heterotroph

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3
Q

What do autotrophs use as a carbon source?

A

CO2 (anabolic)

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4
Q

What do heterotrophs use as a carbon source?

A

Organic carbon (catabolic)

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5
Q

What do chemoautotrophs do?

A

Oxidise inorganic compounds to produce chemical energy,

use energy to reduce CO2

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6
Q

What inorganic compounds to chemoautotrophs oxidise?

A

Hydrogen sulfied
Elemental sulfur
Ferrous iron
H2

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7
Q

What organisms are chemoautotrophs?

A

Usually bacteria/archaea living in hostile environments

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8
Q

Name an organism that oxidises ferrous iron (Fe2+)

A

Acidithiobacillus ferroxidans

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9
Q

Give an example of an organism oxidises hydrogen sulfide

A

Beggiatoa

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10
Q

Give an example of an organism that oxidises sulphur

A

Acidithiobacillus thiooxidans

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11
Q

Give an organism that oxidses ammonia

A

Nitrosomonas

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12
Q

Give an organism that oxidises nitrite into nitrate

A

Nitrobacter

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13
Q

What groups do chemoheterotrophs include?

A

Fungi, most protozoa, most bacteria

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14
Q

What are the carbon and energy source that chemoheterotrophs use?

A

Organic molecules (e.g. glucose, glycogen, cellulose)

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15
Q

Name some photoautotroph micro-organisms.

A

Photosynthetic bacteria

Algae

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16
Q

Give examples of photosynthetic bacteria.

A

Green and purple sulphur bacteria

Cyanobacteria

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17
Q

How do cyanobacteria/algae photosynthesise?

A

Oxidise H2O to O2

oxygenic

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18
Q

How do green and purple sulphur bacteria photosynthesise?

A

Oxidise H2S to sulfur
No O2 produced
(anoxygenic)

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19
Q

What microorganisms are photoheterotrophs?

A

Green non-sulphur and purple non-sulphur bacteria

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20
Q

What are photoheterotrophs usually?

A

Anoxygenic (do not produce oxygen)

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21
Q

What is diversity the result of?

A

3.8 billion years of evolution

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22
Q

What is the size of a cocci in diameter?

A

0.2-2 microM

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23
Q

What is the length of a typical rod?

A

2-8 microM long

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24
Q

What is the typical size of a eukaryotic cell?

A

10-100 microM

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25
Q

What is the structure of the prokaryotic flagella?

A

Simple: 2 proteins

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26
Q

What is the structure of the eukaryotic flagella?

A

Complex: multiple microtubules

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27
Q

Do bacteria or archea have histones?

A

Bacteria don’t

Archaea do

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28
Q

What is the must abundant group of living organisms on Earth?

A

Bacteria

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29
Q

How do bacteria divide?

A

Binary fission

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30
Q

What type of growth does binary fission result in?

A

Exponential growth

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31
Q

What type of ribosome do bacteria have?

A

70S

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32
Q

What are bacterial cells enclosed in?

A

Cell membrane and rigid cell wall

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33
Q

Where is peptidoglycan found in bacteria?

A

The cell wall

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34
Q

What is peptidoglycan?

A

Sugar polymer

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35
Q

What is the bacterial cell membrane composed of?

A

Unbranched fatty acid chains attached to glycerol by ester linkages

36
Q

Name 5 shapes of bacteria.

A 
Coccus
Rod
Spirillum
Spirochete
Filamentous
37
Q

What name is given to two cocci linked together in a pair? What about 4? What about a chain?

A

Diploccci, tetrad

Streptococci

38
Q

What are the three main groups of archaea?

A

Methanogens
Extreme halophiles
Extreme thermophiles

39
Q

What nutritional group do archaea predominantly belong to?

A

Chemoautotrophs

40
Q

Who proposed that archaea are a distinct group?

A

Woese and fox (1977)

41
Q

What ribosome do archaea have?

A

70S, but unique to archaea

42
Q

What do archaea cell walls have?

A

Some have S-layer

Some have psuedopeptidoglycan

43
Q

What is an S layer?

A

Proteins/glycoproteins
5-25nm thick
Poorly conserved

44
Q

What are archaea membranes composed of?

A

Branched hydrocarbon chains attached to glycerol by ether linkages

45
Q

What molecules do fungi degrade to produce energy?

A

Ligin, cellulose

46
Q

What is chitin?

A

Polymer of N-acetylglucosamine

47
Q

Give an example of unicellular fungi

A

Candida albicans

48
Q

What are multicellular fungi (molds, mushrooms) composed of?

A

Mycelium made of vegetative hyphae

49
Q

What is the type of big mushroom called?

A

Armillaria ostoyae

50
Q

How big is the big boi?

A

8.9km^2 in Oregon (USA)

51
Q

How do multicellular fungi reproduce asexually?

A

Hyphal fragmentation

Sporgangia

52
Q

How do multicellular fungi reproduce sexually?

A

Gametangia

53
Q

Some fungi can switch to grow as a mold or yeast. These are said to be ______.

A

Dimorphic

54
Q

Name a dimorphic fungi

A

Blastomyces dermatitidis

55
Q

Where does blastomyces dermatitidis normally live?

A

Soil that contains organic debris, lives as mycelium

56
Q

What does the unicellular form of Blastomyces dermatitidis cause when it infects mammals?

A

Blastomycosis

57
Q

What triggers the switch from mycelium to yeast in B. dermatitidis?

A

37 degree C switch

58
Q

What nutritional group do protozoa belong to?

A

Chemoheterotrophs (hunters and grazers)

59
Q

Name some free living protozoa.

A

Paramecium, Amoeba

60
Q

Name some parasitic protozoa.

A

Plasmodim, Trypanosoma, Giardia

61
Q

Protozoa are unicellular or multicellular?

A

Unicellular

62
Q

Do protozoa have cell walls?

A

No

63
Q

How do protozoa move?

A

Psuedopodia
Flagella
Cilia

64
Q

What protozoa reproduce sexually by fusion of gametes?

A

Plasmodium

65
Q

What protozoa can produce cysts?

A

Giardia, Entamoeba

66
Q

What are 3 ways protozoa reproduce asexually?

A

Binary fission
Schizogony
Budding

67
Q

What is schizogony?

A

The nucleus divides many times before the cell divides

68
Q

What drives the photosynthetic machinery of algae?

A

Cyanobacteria

69
Q

What do algae cell walls contain?

A

Cellulose

70
Q

Why aren’t algae plants?

A

They lack organs found in plants (roots, leaves)

71
Q

Who started the modern biological classification system?

A

Carl Linnaeus

72
Q

What was Carl Linnaeus’ two major ideas?

A
  1. Scientific nomenclature

2. Natural classification

73
Q

What was Linnaeus’ idea about natural classification?

A

Grouped species according to shared physical traits to reveal natural order of life

74
Q

What were the 2 classifications Linnaeus came up with?

A

Vegetabilia

Animalia

75
Q

Who came up with the most modern classification taxonomies before domains were elevated above kingdoms?

A

Whittaker (1969)

76
Q

What bacteria causes whooping cough?

A

Bordetella pertussis (gram negative)

77
Q

What bacteria causes cholera?

A

Vibrio cholerae

78
Q

What bacteria causes boils on the skin?

A

Staphylococcus aureus

79
Q

Why classify micro-organisms?

A
  • Accurate diagnosis
  • Appropriate treatment
  • Analysis of transmission
80
Q

What are 3 limitations to using physical traits to classify bacteria?

A
  • Don’t necessarily reveal relatedness
  • Don’t reveal biology
  • Don’t reveal phylogeny
81
Q

Who developed the use of rRNA gene sequences for uncovering bacteria phylogeny?

A

Carl Woese

82
Q

What is the small rRNA contained in the ribosome of bacteria and eukaryotes?

A

16S in bacteria

18S in eukaryotes

83
Q

Why were SSU rRNA genes used?

A

Present in all cellular organisms
Function essential for survival
Changes acquire slowly

84
Q

What is SSU rRNA said to function as?

A

A molecular clock- because it measures evolutionary relatedness of sequneces

85
Q

What did Woese et al do to the taxonomic classifications in the 1990’s?

A

He elevated domains (bacteria, archaea, eukarya) above kingdoms

86
Q

What are the 8 taxonomic rankings?

A

Domain, kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species

Microbial world (12 decks)

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