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Microbial world > Lecture 2 > Flashcards

Lecture 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Micrographia was published in ____ by _____.

A

1665

Robert Hooke

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2
Q

What did Robert Hooke observe under a microscope?

A

Boxes, cells, reported seeing microbes (moulds)

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3
Q

What is cell theory?

A

All living things are composed of cells

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4
Q

What is the name of the first person to observe living microorganisms?

A

Antoni Van Leewenhoek

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5
Q

What did Antoni Van Leewenhoek describe seeing under a microscope?

A

Animalcules, seen in rainwater and tooth-scrapings, amongst other things

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6
Q

What is the theory of spontaneous generation?

A

The process by which an organism arises spontaneously from non-living matter

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7
Q

Who first demonstrated that maggots do not arise spontaneously? In which year?

A

Francesco Redi in 1668

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8
Q

What did antagonists to Redi claim explained the results of his experiments?

A

Air is needed

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9
Q

Who claimed that microbes develop spontaneously in fluids using nutrient broth?

A

John Needham, in 1745

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10
Q

How did John Needham support his theory that microbes develop spontaneously?

A

He heated nutrient broth and placed it in a sealed flask. He then observed nutrient broth.

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11
Q

Who challenged the theory of spontaneous generation and John Needham’s experiments?

A

Lazzaro Spallanzani (1765)

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12
Q

How did Spallanzani disprove Needham’s experiments?

A

He heated the nutrient broth in the flask and then sealed it, there was no microbe growth.

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13
Q

What did proponents to Spallanzani’s nutrient broth experiments claim?

A

The vital force had been destroyed by the heat, and couldn’t enter the flask because of the seal.

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14
Q

Who came up with the theory of biogenesis?

A

Rudolf Virchow, in 1853

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15
Q

What is the theory of biogenesis?

A

Living cells can only arise from preexisting cells

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16
Q

Who addressed the objection that air is needed for vital force?

A

Louis Pasteur (1861)

17
Q

What did Louis Pasteur demonstrate?

A
  • Microorganisms are in the air and can cause contamination
18
Q

How did Louis Pasteur disprove spontaneous generation?

A

The broth was placed in an open-ended long neck flask and then curved the neck into an S-shape before boiling

19
Q

Why was Pasteur’s flask a good design?

A

S-shape allows air to pass into the flask

The curved neck traps airborne contaminants.

20
Q

What was the first link between microorganism activity and the physical and chemical changes of organic matter?

A

Pasteur’s discovery that yeats are critical in fermentation

21
Q

What did the idea that microorganisms can change organic matter lead to?

A

The germ theory of disease

22
Q

What is the name of childbed fever?

A

Puerperal fever

23
Q

Who introduced strict handwashing rules into an obstetrics clinic?

A

Ignaz Semmelweiss (1840s)

24
Q

Why did Ignaz Semmelweiss introduce handwashing into clinics?

A

Clinic with trainee doctors had higher mortality rate then midwife clinic. Medical students came from autopsy room, bringing infection with them

25
Q

Who observed a cholera outbreak in Soho?

A

John Snow, 1850s

26
Q

How did John Snow help with the Cholera outbreak in Soho?

A

He traced the outbreak to a single water supply source and removed the handle, stopping the outbreak

27
Q

John Snow’s actions during the 1850’s cholera outbreak led to the birth of ______.

A

Epidemiology

28
Q

Who was the first person to apply germ theory to medical procedures?

A

Joseph Lister (1860s)

29
Q

Whose work did Joseph Lister hear about that inspired him to apply germ theory to medical practices?

A

Semmelweis and Pasteurs

30
Q

What did Joseph Lister use to treat surgical wounds with?

A

Phenol (carbolic acid)

31
Q

In 1905, Thomas and Breinl demonstrated what?

A

Atoxyl protected mice from trypanosomes

32
Q

Who modified atoxyl to produce derivatives with a better therapeutic index?

A

Ehrlich, Bertheim and Hata

33
Q

What is chemotherapy?

A

Treatment of disease using chemical substances

34
Q

What are the two types of chemotherapeutic substances?

A

Synthetic drugs

Antibiotics

35
Q

Paul Ehrlich tested hundreds of substances. What did he find?

A

Salvarsan- arsenic derivative effective against the spirochete that causes syphyllis

36
Q

Sulfa drugs, known as ______ were synthesized in the _____. These had some side effects.

A

Sulfonamides

1930s

37
Q

In what year did Alexander Fleming accidentally identify penicillin?

A

1928

38
Q

What fungi produces penicillin?

A

Penicillium notatum

39
Q

Who demonstrated the effectiveness of Penicillin in 1940s?

A

Florey, Chain and Heatley

Microbial world (12 decks)

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