Lecture 17 and 18 Flashcards
Define pathology
The study of a disease
Define Aetiology
The study of the cause of a disease
Define pathogenesis
The development of disease
Typical human body contains how many body cells vs bacterial cells
1x10^13
1x10^14
Human microbiome project is used to determine what?
Relationship between human microbiome, human health and disease
What else may be present besides the normal microbiota?
Transient microbiota (present days/weeks/months)
How does normal microbiota protect the host?
Occypying niches pathogens might occupy (produce acids and bacteriocines)
What is compoetition between microbes called?
Microbial antagonism
Name a part of the normal microbiota that is an opportunistic pathogen.
S.epidermidids (commensal on skin, harmful in the wrong place)
Who investigated anthrax in farm animals and mice?
Robert Koch
Koch’s postulates.
Same pathogen present in every case
Pathogen must be isolated and cultrues
Pathogen from culture must cause disease when inoculated
The pathogen must be isolated from the inoculated animal and be shown to be original organism
Problems with Koch’s postulates
Some pathogens cannot be grown on artifical media
Some only cause disease in human (HIV)
Some conditions caused by several different species (meningitits)
Name a pathogen that cannot be cultured on artifical media
Treponema pallidum (causative agent of syphillis) Viruses
Who observed bacteria in ulcer tissue samples?
RobinWarren
What bacteria causes peptic ulcers?
Helicobacter pylori
Sporadic disease vs endemic disease
Sporadic: occurs occasionally in a population
Endemic: constantly present in a population
Give an example of a disease both sporadic and endemic
Meningococcal meningitis (sporadic in UK, endemic in sub-Saharan Africa)
Epidemic vs pandemic disease
Epidemic: disease acquired by many hosts in a given area
Pandemic: worldwide epidemic
Two types of duration of a disease based on development time:
Acute
Chronic
What virus causes chickenpox (which is latent- hidden in nerve cells)
Varicella virus
Mucobacterium tuberculosis
What period follows incubation and is characterised by early, mild symptoms of disease?
Prodromal period
What are disease that can be transmitted from animals to humans?
Zoonoses
How many zoonoses are there?
150
Vectors transmit disease by which 2 general methods?
Mechanical transmission (arthropod carries pathogen on feet) Biological transmission (pathogen reproduces in vector)
How much has nosocomial infections increased in the last 20 years?
36 percent
What three factors play into healthcare-associated infections?
- Microorganisms in healthcare associated environment
- Chain of transmission
- Compromised host
What is MRSA?
Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus
Name an emergic infectious disease that is the result of changes in weather patterns
Hantavirus
What virus is spreading as a result of modern transportation?
West Nile virus
Name a disease that is emerging due to ecological disaster, war and expanding human settlement?
Cholera
Name an emerging disease that is the result of public health failure.
Diptheria
Define epidemiology
The study of where and when diseases occur
Who mapped the occurence of cholera in London?
John Snow
Who showed increased sanitation decreased incidence of epidemic typhys?
Florence Nightingale
What is morbidity?
The incidence of a specific notfiable disease
