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Microbial world > Lecture 11 and 12 > Flashcards

Lecture 11 and 12 Flashcards

1
Q

What bacteria causes respiratory disease and meningitis in infants and was the first complete genome to have its DNA sequenced?

A

Haemophilus influenzae

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2
Q

How many genes were identified in Haemophilus influenzae?

A

1743 genes

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3
Q

What software can be used to search for similar sequences to see what a gene does?

A

BLAST (basic local alignment search tool)

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4
Q

How can the function of a gene be determined?

A
  • Mutants with defective genes
    Identify effects of mutations (e.g. what metabolites are missing etc.)
    Purify proteins and test in vitro functions
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5
Q

How many bacteria have had their whole genome sequenced?

A

More than 3000

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6
Q

What is the size range of a bacterial chromosome?

A

112kb to 14,800kb

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7
Q

What species has two circular chromosomes?

A

Vibrio species (cholera)

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8
Q

Name two bacteria with linear chromosomes

A 
Borrelia burgdoferi (lyme disease)
Steptomyces (antibiotic producers)
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9
Q

How many genes are there per kb?

A

1 gene per 1kb

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10
Q

What is a sequence of DNA coding for a sequence of amino acids long enough to be a protein?

A

Open reading frame

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11
Q

What bacteria has the smallest genome?

A

Nasuia deltocephalinicola

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12
Q

How big is N.deltocephalinicola ‘s genome?

A

112kb (141 genes)

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13
Q

Where is N.deltocephalinicola?

A

Obligate symbiont of a leafhopper

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14
Q

What is the confirmed species with the smallest genome?

A

Mycoplasma genitalium

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15
Q

What species have the largest genome?

A 
Sorangium cellulosum (soil organims)
Spretomyces species
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16
Q

What does Haemophilus influenzae cause?

A

Respiratory tract infections

17
Q

What does staphylococcus aureus do?

A

Cause skin infections

18
Q

Typical range of bacterial genomes

A

1800-6600kb (Up to 14,800kb)

19
Q

Typical plasmid size

A

1-1000kb

20
Q

Plasmid shape?

A

Covalently closed circle, supercoiled

21
Q

How can rare mutations be identified using negative selection?

A

Replica plating

22
Q

What type of bacteria is used in the ames test?

A

his- strain of salmonella typhimurium

23
Q

What are the three mechanisms for horizontal gene transfer in prokaryotes?

A

Transformation, conjugation, transduction

24
Q

Who first observed DNA transformation?

A

F Griffith

25
Q

Who demonstarted the transforming principle is DNA?

A

Avery and McCarty

26
Q

How does transformation occur?

A

DNA binds to DNA binding protein on membrane, one strand passes in, aligns with region of homology, homologous recombination occurs

27
Q

What is conjugation?

A

Transfer of genetic material between bacteria through direct cell-to-cell contact

28
Q

What is the fertility (F) plasmid?

A

Found in -ve bacteria
Circular DNA molecule
Contain DNA replication regulation gene
Contains tra genes that encode transfer functions (incl. sex pili synthesis)

29
Q

What name is given to the binding of proteins in outer membrane during conjugation?

A

Mating bridge

30
Q

Cells containing the integrated F plasmid are called?

A

Hfr (high frequency of recombination)

31
Q

What is transduction?

A

Bacteriophage transfers DNA from one cell to another

32
Q

What are the two methods of transduction?

A

Generalized transduction

Specialized transduction

33
Q

What is generalised transduction?

A

DNA from bacterial chromosome packed into virion instead of viral genome

34
Q

What is the resulting virion during generalised transduction called?

A

Transducing particle

35
Q

What is specialised transduction?

A

Involves intergration of phage genome into host DNA (lysogeny), adjacent chromosomal gene hitchhikes with phage DNA into virion

Microbial world (12 decks)

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