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Microbial world > Lecture 15 and 16 > Flashcards

Lecture 15 and 16 Flashcards

1
Q

What do fungi membranes contain?

A

Sterol

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2
Q

How many species of fungi are recorded?

A

More then 100,00 (estimated 1.5 million)

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3
Q

What nutrient type are fungi?

A

Chemoheterotrophs

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4
Q

How do fungi acquire food?

A

Absorptive (saprotrophic)

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5
Q

What type of digestion do fungi have?

A

Extracellular digestion: produce and secrete enzymes that digest substrate

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6
Q

How do fungi absorb digestion products?

A

Endocytosis, transporters

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7
Q

Name a symbiotic relationship of fungi with plants.

A

Mycorrhizae (plants get minerals/phosphate, fungi get sugars/amino acids)

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8
Q

What are the two type of mycorrhizae?

A

Endomycorrhizae (penetrates coritcal cells of root), ectomycorrhiza (surrounds root)

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9
Q

What are lichens?

A

Green algae/cyanobacteria and fungi

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10
Q

What can fungi act as pest control against?

A

Nematodes, weeds, mites, other fungi

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11
Q

What is the break down and consumption of environmental pollutants called?

A

Bioremeidation

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12
Q

Name an immunosupressive fungi

A

Cyclosporins

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13
Q

How many pathogenic fungal species are there to animals and humans?

A

Around 200, most nosocomial and/or opportunistic

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14
Q

Name an oppertunistic infection of fungi in AIDs patients.

A

Crytococcal meningitis

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15
Q

Aspergillosis fungi can cause…

A

Pulmonary aspergillosis or invasive aspergillosis

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16
Q

What toxic compounds do some fungi produce?

A

Mycotoxins, such as amatoxins

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17
Q

What does Amanita phalloides (Death cap) produce?

A

Alpha-amanitin which inhibits RNA polymerase II

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18
Q

Alfatoxin. flavus metabolites intercalates with DNA, which…

A

Damages DNA bases (alkylation) promotes oncogene mutations

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19
Q

How does fungal cell wall protect underlying cytoplasm?

A

Provides stable osmotic environment

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20
Q

What is chitin made of?

A

N-acetylglucosamine polymer, chains with beta 1-4 linkage

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21
Q

Chitin function?

A

Cell wall stability

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22
Q

What is a pollysaccharide of D-glucose found in cell wall?

A

glucans (50-60%)

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23
Q

Linkages in most glucans?

A

beta 1-3 linked

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24
Q

Glucan function?

A

Attachment site for other wall components

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25
Q

Where are glycoproteins found in the cell wall?

A

Outer surface, interwoven over chitan/glucan layer

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26
Q

Function of glycoproteins?

A

Adhesion to surfaces, fusion of fungi, protection, molecule uptake, signal transduction, synthesis

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27
Q

Plasma membrane sterol is?

A

Ergosterol

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28
Q

What does ergosterol do?

A

Reduce membrane fluidity and permability

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29
Q

Antifungal drugs target what biosynthesis pathway?

A

Ergosterol

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30
Q

2 types of vegetative hyphae:

A

Septate hyphae

Coenocytic (aseptate) hyphae

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31
Q

What is growth at the tip of vegetative hyphae called?

A

Apical growth

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32
Q

Features of growing tip:

A
  • Structure/function different
  • Denser cytoplasm
  • No major organelles
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33
Q

WHat does growing tip contain?

A

Spitzenkorper

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34
Q

What is spitzenkorper?

A

Structure where golgi-derived vesicles accumulate, which exocytosis

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35
Q

What do the spitzenkorper vesicles contain?

A

Enzymes involved in wall lysis, wall synnthesis, precursor wall polymers (mannoproteins)

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36
Q

Name when growing tips fork

A

Bifurcate

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37
Q

Vegetative hyphae can extend out of the substrate to form what?

A

Aerial hyphae

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38
Q

How do aerial hyphae produce asexual spores?

A

They undergo mitosis and subsequent cell division

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39
Q

What are the 2 types of asexual spore?

A

Conidiospores

Sporangiospores

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40
Q

What are conidiospores?

A

Spores produced in non-enclosed chains at the end of aerial hyphae

41
Q

What are sporangiospores?

A

Spores produced in specialised cells at the end of aerial hyphae, remain enclosed in sporangium (sac) until mature

42
Q

Asexual spores germinate to produce

A

hyphae

43
Q

What are compatible mating fungi

A
  • and + strains, which attract each other using chemicals
44
Q

First stage of sexual reproduction in multicellular fungi

A

Plasmogamy

45
Q

What is plasmogamy

A

Hyphae fuses, cytoplasm mixes, + haploid nucleus enters recipient cytoplasm

46
Q

What are some plasmogamy exceptions?

A

Some fungi nuclei remain apart, develop dikaryotic mycelium, gives rise to fruiting body (mushroom, toadstool, cap)

47
Q

What is the second step of multicellular fungi sexual reproduction?

A

Karyogamy

48
Q

Where does karyogamy occur in fruiting bodies?

A

Gills

49
Q

What is karyogamy?

A
  • and + nuclei fuse to form diploid zygote nucleus
50
Q

What is the third phase of sexual reproduction in multicellular fungi?

A

Meiosis

51
Q

How many unicellular fungi (yeast) species have been described?

A

around 1500

52
Q

How do most yeasts divide?

A

Budding

53
Q

Give an example of a budding yeast

A

Saccharomyces cerevisiae

54
Q

Stages of budding

A

Protuberance (bud) forms on surface of parent cell
Bud elongates
Nuclei/organelles divide
Cell wall material laid down between parent and bud

55
Q

How many times can a yeast bud?

A

Up to 24 times

56
Q

What forms when incomplete buds remain attached to parent?

A

Psyedohyphae

57
Q

Name a yeast that divides by binary fission

A

Schizosaccharomyces pombe

58
Q

Stages of binary fission in yeast.

A

Parental cell elongates
Nuclei/orgalles divide
Segregation of nuclei and organelles
Cytokinesis

59
Q

Name a dimorphic fungi that is goverened by CO2

A

Mucor indicus (In algae, mold like, on agar, yeast like)

60
Q

Name a dimorphic fungi governed by temperature

A

Histoplasma capsulatum (yeast at 37, mold when lower)

61
Q

What does Histoplasma capsulatum cause?

A

Histoplasmosis (TB like infection in lower respiratory tract)

62
Q

Fungal infections are called

A

Mycosis

63
Q

5 groups of fungal disease

A 
Systemic mycoses
Subcutaneous mycoses
Superficial mycoses
Cutaneous mycoses
Opportunistic mycoses
64
Q

Systemic mycoses caused by and transmission by

A

Soil fungi

Spore inhalation

65
Q

Name a systemic mycoses

A

Histoplasmosis caused by Histoplasma capsulatum

66
Q

What causes and what is the route of transmission of subcutaneous mycoses?

A

Saprophytic soil fungi

Spores/hyphae in wound

67
Q

Name a disease and fungi associated with subcutaneous mycoses

A

Sporotichosis caused by Sporothrix schenkii

68
Q

What do cutaneous mycoses secrete?

A

Keratinase (degrades keratin)

69
Q

Example of cutaneous mycoses

A

Ringworm (trichophyton species)

Atheletes foot

70
Q

What drugs inhibit Beta (1-3) glucan synthase?

A

Echinocandins (fungicidal against yeast, fungistatic against molds)

71
Q

What drugs bind ergosterol?

A

Polyenes

72
Q

What drugs inhibit ergosterol biosynthesis?

A

Imidazole

73
Q

Name another class of drug that is exploits fungal plasma membranes.

A

Triazole

74
Q

How many species of protozoa?

A

20,000

75
Q

How do protozoa digest food?

A

In food vacuole

76
Q

How do protozoa eliminate waste?

A

Plasma membrane or anal pore

77
Q

Amoeba contain:

A

Endoplasm (central)

Ectoplasm (clear)

78
Q

Protozoa cilia and flagella are also called…

A

Undulipodia

79
Q

Undulipodia consist of:

A

Basal body, axoneme (9+2 arrangement), plasma membrane

80
Q

Trypanosome, leishmania have how many flagellum?

A

1

81
Q

What protozoa have multiple flagella?

A

Giardia, trichomonas

82
Q

Name protozoa that uses cilia for feeding and swimming

A

Paramecium

83
Q

Archaezoa features:

A 
Lack mitochondria 
Some contain hydrogenosome/mitosome
Symbionts in digestive tract
Anaerobic
2 or more flagella
form cysts
84
Q

What is the causative agent of giardiasis?

A

Giardia lamblia

85
Q

How does giardiasis spread?

A

Fecal/oral, anthroponotic and zoonotic

86
Q

What is the causative agent of Trichomoniasis?

A

Trichomonas vaginalis

87
Q

How does Trichomoniasis spread?

A

Sexually (hot tubs, wet bathing suits/towels/washcloths)

88
Q

How does T.vaginalis attach to surfaces?

A

Axostyle

89
Q

T.vaginalis features

A

No cyst stage

Can survive 24hrs outside host

90
Q

What amoebozoa causes amoebic dysentry/amoebic liver abscesses?

A

Entamoeba histolytica

91
Q

Plasmodium that causes malaria is what type of protozoa?

A

Apicomplexa

92
Q

Number of deaths each year from malaria

A

0.6 million

93
Q

Most common species that causes malaria.

A

P.vivax

94
Q

Most deadly malaria species

A

P.falciparum

95
Q

Name two more apicomplexa diseases

A

Cryptosporidiosis

Toxoplasmosis (spread through cat shit)

96
Q

Name the group of protozoa with unusual organelles.

A

Euglenozoa

97
Q

Name a disease and its bacteria caused by euglenozoa

A

Trypanosoma brucei causes African Trypanosomiasis

98
Q

What transmits african trypanosomiasis?

A

tsetse fly

Microbial world (12 decks)

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