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Motor Speech > Lecture 3 > Flashcards

Lecture 3 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the two control mechanisms for acquisition & execution of the motor program and error correction

A
  • feedforward

- feedback

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2
Q

What is a motor program?

A

a long term memory structure, the ‘representation of a to-be-performed movement’

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3
Q

What 5 things are simultaneously processed when accessing motor programs

A

(1) what needs to be done (target)
(2) the current state of ones body in space
(3) what is to be achieved by a given movement (somatosensory)
(4) what feedback is expected during its execution
(5) how successfully it met its aim (Error)

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4
Q

What are generalized motor programs?

A

classes of actions (i.e. all of the motor programs for reaching for a pen)

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5
Q

In terms of motor programs, what would explain apraxia of speech?

A
  • problems (re)establishing programs

- loss of motor programs

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6
Q

In terms of motor programs what would explain ataxia/hypokinetic dysarthria?

A

problems with selection and access to motor programs

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7
Q

In terms of motor programs, what would explain dysarthria?

A

problems with execution of the motor programs due to something like insufficient sensory feedback about ongoing movement

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8
Q

Explain the feedforward mechanism

A

Movements are controlled based on pre- programmed instructions (top down) about the movements

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9
Q

What are 3 pieces of evidence reflecting the feedforward mechanism

A
  • speech errors emeny/enemy
  • anticipatory coarticulation
  • loss of hearing in adulthood
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10
Q

What is the caveat to the idea of a feedforward mechanism?

A

too many motor commands would have to be stored, and it would take up too much memory

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11
Q

Explain the feedback mechanism

A

Movements are controlled based on the feedback that CNS receives

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12
Q

What are 3 pieces of evidence reflecting the feedback mechanism?

A
  • sensory disturbances affect speech
  • perturbation studies
  • correction of speech errors
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13
Q

what is the problem with the idea of feedback mechanism?

A

too slow for corrections to occur ‘online’, both feedback and feedforward are needed for this to happen

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14
Q

What are 2 theories of speech motor control

A
  • segmental theory of speech motor control, DIVA model

- dynamic systems theory

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15
Q

In Tx of MSD, we have to focus on recognizing both ____________ and ___________

A

acoustics

articulation

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16
Q

If an individual has somatosensory deficiencies and they can’t feel where their tongue is in their mouth, what would you focus on during Tx?

A

-articulation and hearing the sound it makes

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17
Q

What is the definition of motor learning?

A

A set of [internal] processes associated with practice or experience leading to relatively PERMANENT CHANGES in the capability for movement

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18
Q

Motor learning occurs as a direct result of ________

A

practice

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19
Q

How do we infer that motor learning has occurred?

A

on the basis of the change in the behaviour that can be observed

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20
Q

What is the difference between acquisition and learning?

A
  • Acquisition is temporary performance enhancement during treatment or practice
  • Learning is long term retention and generalization of improved performance
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21
Q

T or F: what enhances motor acquisition is the same as what enhances motor learning

A

false

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22
Q

What are the 3 stages of motor learning?

A
  • cognitive
  • associative
  • automatic
23
Q

Describe the cognitive stage of motor learning

A

understanding the goal, what it will take for speech to improve, motivation

24
Q

Describe the associative stage of motor learning

A

performing and refining the skill

25
Q

Describe the automatic stage of motor learning

A

transition to full automatic

control mode

26
Q

Within the associative stage of motor learning, what are the 4 phases?

A
  • acquisition phase
  • automatization phase
  • retention (transfer) phase
  • generalization
27
Q

Describe the acquisition phase of motor learning

A

practice occurs

28
Q

Describe the automatization phase of motor learning

A

extended practice in varying conditions; produce target under conditions of reduced attention and varied feedback

29
Q

Describe the retention (transfer) phase of motor learning

A

ime interval long enough to ensure lasting effects of training in specific, practiced conditions

30
Q

Describe the generalization phase of motor learning

A

using a skill in situations/ environments different from the original conditions; ability to self-monitor.

31
Q

What are some conditions for motor learning (i.e. one example is expert model)

A

discovery learning, physical practice, mental practice

32
Q

T or F: when using an expert model for motor learning, the model has to be the therapist

A

F - the model can be another learner

33
Q

What 3 conditions are considered when creating optimal learning

A
  • task
  • practice
  • feedback
34
Q

What can you manipulate about the Task component of motor speech to create optimal learning?

A

task selection
task schedule
task variability

35
Q

What can you manipulate about the Practice component of motor speech to create optimal learning

A

practice amount

practice distribution

36
Q

What can you manipulate about the Feedback component of motor speech to create optimal learning

A

feedback type
feedback frequency
feedback timing

37
Q

Which is more optimal for motor learning in terms of task complexity: developmental sequence or starting at a more difficult level

A

starting at a more difficult level

38
Q

A blocked task schedule facilitates ____________ and a random task schedule facilitates ___________

A

acquisition

retention

39
Q

Task variability degrades performance during ___________ but facilitates ___________

A

acquisition

retention

40
Q

In order to achieve a motor change, you need how many reps of a motor activity?

A

200-300

41
Q

Distributed practice facilitates ___________ and massed practice facilitates __________

A

retention

acquisition

42
Q

What type of feedback is most effective for learning?

A

a combination of Knowledge of results (KR) and knowledge of performance (KP)

43
Q

______ frequency feedback improves acquisition but degrades performance on long term retention and transfer

A

high

44
Q

Delayed feedback facilitates __________

A

retention

45
Q

When considering overall task selection we need to consider what 3 characteristics to provide an optimal challenge?

A
  • patient’s ability
  • task complexity
  • environment (levels of support)
46
Q

In which situation would you want to use conditions that facilitate acquisition at first?

A

for patients who need high success when starting Tx

47
Q

What are the 4 goals of treatment in MSD?

A
  • speech intelligibility
  • ability to perform @ max capacity
  • ability to use different feedback modalities
  • ability to self-correct
48
Q

Why don’t we use oral motor exercises to improve speech?

A

Task-specificity: Muscles must be conditioned during the tasks that needs improvement, not in general

49
Q

Training increases the # of ___________ recruited for the task

A

motor units

50
Q

What neural mechanism is proposed to be the basis of imitation learning, the basis for speech/communication and aids in theory of mind?

A

mirror neurons

51
Q

The ability of the CNS to change and adopt in response to environment, experience, injury or disease is called what?

A

neuroplasticity

52
Q

What factors make speech unique among motor systems?

A
  • combination of different muscle types
  • muscles are fatigue resistant and fast contracting
  • neural coupling between all speech subsystems, linked to respiration
  • system is very resilient to damage (bilateral innervation)
  • aging affects speech differently than limb muscles
53
Q

What are some types of treatment for MSDs?

A
  • pharmacological
  • surgery
  • behavioural (re-training/compensatory)
  • biofeedback
  • prosthetic devices/AAC

Motor Speech (15 decks)

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