Lecture 3 Flashcards
What are the two control mechanisms for acquisition & execution of the motor program and error correction
- feedforward
- feedback
What is a motor program?
a long term memory structure, the ‘representation of a to-be-performed movement’
What 5 things are simultaneously processed when accessing motor programs
(1) what needs to be done (target)
(2) the current state of ones body in space
(3) what is to be achieved by a given movement (somatosensory)
(4) what feedback is expected during its execution
(5) how successfully it met its aim (Error)
What are generalized motor programs?
classes of actions (i.e. all of the motor programs for reaching for a pen)
In terms of motor programs, what would explain apraxia of speech?
- problems (re)establishing programs
- loss of motor programs
In terms of motor programs what would explain ataxia/hypokinetic dysarthria?
problems with selection and access to motor programs
In terms of motor programs, what would explain dysarthria?
problems with execution of the motor programs due to something like insufficient sensory feedback about ongoing movement
Explain the feedforward mechanism
Movements are controlled based on pre- programmed instructions (top down) about the movements
What are 3 pieces of evidence reflecting the feedforward mechanism
- speech errors emeny/enemy
- anticipatory coarticulation
- loss of hearing in adulthood
What is the caveat to the idea of a feedforward mechanism?
too many motor commands would have to be stored, and it would take up too much memory
Explain the feedback mechanism
Movements are controlled based on the feedback that CNS receives
What are 3 pieces of evidence reflecting the feedback mechanism?
- sensory disturbances affect speech
- perturbation studies
- correction of speech errors
what is the problem with the idea of feedback mechanism?
too slow for corrections to occur ‘online’, both feedback and feedforward are needed for this to happen
What are 2 theories of speech motor control
- segmental theory of speech motor control, DIVA model
- dynamic systems theory
In Tx of MSD, we have to focus on recognizing both ____________ and ___________
acoustics
articulation
If an individual has somatosensory deficiencies and they can’t feel where their tongue is in their mouth, what would you focus on during Tx?
-articulation and hearing the sound it makes
What is the definition of motor learning?
A set of [internal] processes associated with practice or experience leading to relatively PERMANENT CHANGES in the capability for movement
Motor learning occurs as a direct result of ________
practice
How do we infer that motor learning has occurred?
on the basis of the change in the behaviour that can be observed
What is the difference between acquisition and learning?
- Acquisition is temporary performance enhancement during treatment or practice
- Learning is long term retention and generalization of improved performance
T or F: what enhances motor acquisition is the same as what enhances motor learning
false
What are the 3 stages of motor learning?
- cognitive
- associative
- automatic
Describe the cognitive stage of motor learning
understanding the goal, what it will take for speech to improve, motivation
Describe the associative stage of motor learning
performing and refining the skill
Describe the automatic stage of motor learning
transition to full automatic
control mode
Within the associative stage of motor learning, what are the 4 phases?
- acquisition phase
- automatization phase
- retention (transfer) phase
- generalization
Describe the acquisition phase of motor learning
practice occurs
Describe the automatization phase of motor learning
extended practice in varying conditions; produce target under conditions of reduced attention and varied feedback
Describe the retention (transfer) phase of motor learning
ime interval long enough to ensure lasting effects of training in specific, practiced conditions
Describe the generalization phase of motor learning
using a skill in situations/ environments different from the original conditions; ability to self-monitor.
What are some conditions for motor learning (i.e. one example is expert model)
discovery learning, physical practice, mental practice
T or F: when using an expert model for motor learning, the model has to be the therapist
F - the model can be another learner
What 3 conditions are considered when creating optimal learning
- task
- practice
- feedback
What can you manipulate about the Task component of motor speech to create optimal learning?
task selection
task schedule
task variability
What can you manipulate about the Practice component of motor speech to create optimal learning
practice amount
practice distribution
What can you manipulate about the Feedback component of motor speech to create optimal learning
feedback type
feedback frequency
feedback timing
Which is more optimal for motor learning in terms of task complexity: developmental sequence or starting at a more difficult level
starting at a more difficult level
A blocked task schedule facilitates ____________ and a random task schedule facilitates ___________
acquisition
retention
Task variability degrades performance during ___________ but facilitates ___________
acquisition
retention
In order to achieve a motor change, you need how many reps of a motor activity?
200-300
Distributed practice facilitates ___________ and massed practice facilitates __________
retention
acquisition
What type of feedback is most effective for learning?
a combination of Knowledge of results (KR) and knowledge of performance (KP)
______ frequency feedback improves acquisition but degrades performance on long term retention and transfer
high
Delayed feedback facilitates __________
retention
When considering overall task selection we need to consider what 3 characteristics to provide an optimal challenge?
- patient’s ability
- task complexity
- environment (levels of support)
In which situation would you want to use conditions that facilitate acquisition at first?
for patients who need high success when starting Tx
What are the 4 goals of treatment in MSD?
- speech intelligibility
- ability to perform @ max capacity
- ability to use different feedback modalities
- ability to self-correct
Why don’t we use oral motor exercises to improve speech?
Task-specificity: Muscles must be conditioned during the tasks that needs improvement, not in general
Training increases the # of ___________ recruited for the task
motor units
What neural mechanism is proposed to be the basis of imitation learning, the basis for speech/communication and aids in theory of mind?
mirror neurons
The ability of the CNS to change and adopt in response to environment, experience, injury or disease is called what?
neuroplasticity
What factors make speech unique among motor systems?
- combination of different muscle types
- muscles are fatigue resistant and fast contracting
- neural coupling between all speech subsystems, linked to respiration
- system is very resilient to damage (bilateral innervation)
- aging affects speech differently than limb muscles
What are some types of treatment for MSDs?
- pharmacological
- surgery
- behavioural (re-training/compensatory)
- biofeedback
- prosthetic devices/AAC
