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Motor Speech > Lecture 2 > Flashcards

Lecture 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Sensory info in speech motor control comes from which modalities?

A
  • audition
  • vision
  • somatosenses: touch, proprioception, and pain
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2
Q

Describe the thalamus

A
  • Primary sensory relay (except olfaction)
  • Functions in: attention, memory and learning, abstract thinking and goal-oriented behaviours, consciousness and emotion
  • Generating movements
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3
Q

Describe the ventral anterior (VA) and ventral lateral (VL) nuclei of the thalamus

A
  • facilitate movement, associated with BG & cerebellum

- send info to motor cortex

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4
Q

Describe the ventroposterolateral (VPL) nuclei of the thalamus

A
  • somatosensory relay

- send sensory info to somatosensory cortex

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5
Q

PCA hemorrhage involving the VPL and VPM results in what?

A

contralateral hemianasthesia

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6
Q

VA/VL damage results in what?

A

movement disorders reminiscent of cerebellar damage (ataxia and intention tremor) and BG damage (involuntary movements)

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7
Q

What are the two control circuits involved in speech?

A

basal ganglia

cerebellum

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8
Q

The BG and cerebellar control circuits are directly connected to the ________ and ________

A

motor cortex

thalamus

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9
Q

List the components of the basal ganglia

A
  • striatum (caudate nucleus + putamen)
  • globus pallidus (intenral and external)
  • subthalamic nucleus
  • substantia nigra
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10
Q

the direct loop of the BG control circuit is responsible for what?

A

stimulating/facilitating movement

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11
Q

the indirect loop of the BG control circuit is responsible for what?

A

inhibiting movement

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12
Q

Describe the steps in the direct BG loop

A

association cortex – striatum – inhibits GPi – excites thalamus – motor cortex

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13
Q

Describe the steps in the indirect BG loop

A

association cortex – striatum –> inhibits GPe – excites STN – excites GPi – inhibits thalamus – motor cortex

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14
Q

When active, the GPI inhibits which structure?

A

thalamus

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15
Q

When active, GPE inhibits which structure?

A

subthalamic nucleus

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16
Q

What are the basal ganglia functions

A
  • facilitates or inhibits motor activity
  • performs temporal sequencing of movements
  • assists in motor learning (with supp motor cortex)
  • Cognitive role in memory
17
Q

Parkinsons involves a reduction of dopamine in the brain and damage to the ________ loop. Describe the damage

A
  • direct

- GPI not inhibited properly, so it continues inhibiting the thalamus

18
Q

What % of parkinson patients have dysarthria?

A

90%

19
Q

Describe the motor abnormalities associated with parkinsons

A
  • hypokinesia
  • bradikinesia
  • rigidity
  • tremor at rest
  • shuffling gait
  • dysarthria
20
Q

T or F: treatment for PD patients typically improves speech

A

False

21
Q

Describe dyskinesias

A
  • damage to the indirect loop of BG
  • involves decreased output of BG to thalamus leading to hyperkineticity
  • involuntary movements including chorea, ballism, dystonia, tics etc.
22
Q

Huntington’s disease involves damage to what brain area.

A

striatum is damaged, leading to increased activity of GPE

23
Q

T or F: dystonia always affect speech

A

False - they may or may not affect speech

24
Q

What is a dystonia

A
  • a persistent posture of a body part which can result in grotesque movements and distorted postures of the body
  • involves co-contractions of agonist and antagonists
25
Q

Dystonias involve damage where in the brain?

A

putamen and GPI

26
Q

How can spasmodic dysphonia be described in terms of a dystonia?

A

it is a focal laryngeal dystonia

27
Q

Describe the structures and order of the cerebellum control circuit

A

Cortex (premotor, primary motor regions) - > pontine nucleus –> cerebellum (dentate nucleus) – thalamus – cortex

28
Q

What are the functions of the cerebellum

A
  • info about intended movement
  • sequencing of complex movements based on feedback
  • coordination of skilled activity
  • motor learning
  • trims down and refines moor commands from the motor cortex and BG
29
Q

Describe the effects of cerebellar damage

A
  • disorganization, decomposition of movement
  • hypotonia
  • weakness
  • dysmetria (scaling and timing of movements)
  • intention tremor
  • ataxia
30
Q

How might cerebellar ataxia affect speech?

A
  • discoordination between breathing and articulation

- cut off consonants, speech is unintelligible

Motor Speech (15 decks)

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