Lecture 1

Question 1

Speech is …

Answer 1

Movement made audible

Question 2

Speech is so complex, over _____ muscles are controlled at the same time`

Answer 2

100

Question 3

What are the 4 ways movements can be generated?

Answer 3

• Voluntary movements from cortex
• CPGs from the brainstem
• Sensory signals from feedback
• Reflexes

Question 4

T or F the posterior and anterior tongue are considered 2 separate articulators

Answer 4

True - they are controlled separately

Question 5

What are the 4 physiological speech subsystems?

Answer 5

• Respiratory
• Phonatory
• Resonatory (velopharyngeal)
• Articulatory

Question 6

Motor speech processes: Ideas -> Language -> (1) -> (2)

What are 1 and 2?

Answer 6

1) sensorimotor program

2) motor execution

Question 7

Define motor speech disorders

Answer 7

The disorders affecting motor planning, programming or execution of speech

Question 8

What are the two general types of motor speech disorders?

Answer 8

• Dysarthria

- Apraxia

Question 9

Describe dysarthria

Answer 9

-a SD resulting from damage to neural mechanisms that regulate speech movements
(strength, speed, range, steadiness, tone or accuracy)

Question 10

Pathophysiologic disturbances of the PNS or CNS in dysarthria

Answer 10

Damage to PNS or CNS resulting in:

• Weakness of relevant musculature
• Excessive, reduced, or variable muscle tone
• Slower and smaller movements
• Incoordination (kind of like inaccurate movements)
• Involuntary movements

Question 11

Describe apraxia of speech

Answer 11

SD resulting from damage to neural mechanisms for selecting, sequencing and (perhaps) constructing spatial-temporal goals of a given speech act
-Characterized by diff transitioning between sounds, articulatory groping, difficulty initiating speech and increased errors with increased word complexity

Question 12

In order for something to be considered a MSD, it needs to be distinguished from what factors?

Answer 12

• cognitive/linguistic deficits (eg aphasia)
• purely sensory deficits (HL)
• Musculoskeletal deficits of non-neurologic nature (e.g head & neck restrictions, CLP, voice disorders)
• Psychogenic, nonorganic disorders (depression)
• Normal aging

Question 13

_____% of people who suffered stroke will have speech-language problems

Answer 13

60%

Question 14

What are the characteristics we use to categorize MSDs?

Answer 14

• age of onset (congenital vs. acquired)
• Course (acute, chronic, degenerative)
• Site of lesion
• Neurological diagnosis
• Pathophysiology (spasticity/weakness/rigidity. tone, coordination)
• Speech subsystems involved
• Auditory-perceptual and acoustic characteristics
• Severity